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Fungi
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms? | Fungi |
| No. Of species of fungi? Approx? | 70,000 to 1 lac |
| Fungi shows | Great diversity in morphology and habitat |
| Total no. Of species of fungus is more than? | Total no. Of species of FARM- fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals |
| Basis of classification of fungi | MSF- morphology, mode of spore formation and fruiting body |
| Classes of fungi | Phycomycetes (algal fungi) and eumycota (true fungus) |
| Aquatic fungus | Oomycetes (water mould/ egg fungi) and chytrid (chytridiomycetes) |
| Phycomycetes? | Algal fungi |
| Eumycota? | True fungus |
| Phycomycetes includes? | Oomycetes, chytridiomycetes and zygomycetes (conjugation fungi) |
| Zygomycetes? | Conjugation fungi |
| Eumycota includes? | Ascomycetes, basidio and deutero |
| Ascomycetes? | Sac fungi |
| Basidio? | Club fungi |
| Deutero? | Fungi imperfecti |
| Fungii grow in | Warm and humid conditions |
| Habitat fungi? | Fungi are cosmopoliton and occur in air, water, soil and on animals and plants |
| Why does food not spoil in refrigerator? | Growth of microbes there is slow |
| Fungal body consists of | Long slender thread like structure called hyphae. The network of hyphae is the body of fungus and is called mycelium |
| Hyphae are usually? | Branched and multicellular |
| Unicellular fungus | Yeast |
| Network of hyphae? | Mycelium |
| Yeast forms? Sometimes? | Pseudomycelia |
| Coenocytic hyphae? | Hyphae are like continuous tubes filled with multicellular cytoplasm |
| Septate? | Hyphae have septa or cross walls. Such septa have pores through which cells are connected |
| Coenocytic examples | Phycomycetes |
| Septate ex? | Asco, basidio and deutero |
| Fungul cell wall is made of? | Chitin and has mixed glycan on the outside |
| What is chitin? | Polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine |
| Mode of nutrition? | Heterotrophs (3)- saprophytic, parasite and symbiont |
| Food reserve ? | Glycogen and oil |
| Saprophytic fungi work as? | Decomposers |
| Saprophytic explain | Live on dead organic matter and take nutrition from it. They secrete digestive enzymes and digest the orgainc matter outside the body and absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates. Breakdown the organic matter and decompose and are involved in nu |
| How do fungi penetrate through plant epidermis | Mechanical presuure and enzyme action |
| For penetrating the plant epidermis, they form? | Appresorium |
| As parasite, hyphae grow in? | Intercellular spaces and obsorb organic nutrients from them |
| Parasite fungus depends on | Plants and animals |
| Parasite fungus mostly infect? | Plants |
| Chemicals produced by host plant to inhibit the growth of fungus? | Phytoalexin |
| First discovered fungisite? | Bordeaux mixture |
| Bordeux mixture consists? | CuSO4+ Ca(OH)2 and H2O |
| Bordeaux mixture was first used as? | To contol downy mildew of grapes in plants |
| Symboint ex? | Lichen and mycorrhiza |
| Reproduction? | Vegetative, sexual and asexual |
| Vegetative reproduction? | Fragmentation, binary and budding |
| Fragmentation happens in? | Vegetative, in all fungi |
| Binary fission ex? | Yeast |
| Budding happens in? | Yeast |
| Asexual reproduction by? | Asexual spores called- MiToSPORES |
| Sexual spores? | Zoospore, aplanospore/sporangiospore, conidiospore |
| Zoospore? | Wall less and motile spore produced endogenously inside zoosporangia |
| Zoospore ex? | Aquatic like oomycetes and chytridiomycetes |
| Terrestrial fungus? | Zygomycetes (P), asco- basidio- deutero (E) |
| Zoospores are produced in | Inside zoosporangia- endogenously |
| Aplanospore also called | Sporangiospore |
| Aplanospore? | Non- motile, endogenous, multinucleated formed inside sporangia |
| Ex of aplanospore | Sporangiospore- zygomycetes (rhizopus and mucor |
| Aplanospores are produced in? | Sporangia |
| Conidia | Or conidiospores- exogenous- formed on the tip of special mycelium- conidia |
| How are conidia dispersed? | By wind and they germinate to form a new mycelium |
| Conidia ex? | Asco and deutero |
| Basidio reproduce by? | Only fragmentation (vegetative) and sexual |
| Mitospores are found in basidio? | No |
| All fungus reproduce sexually? | No, except deutero |
| Do fungi require water for fertilisation? | No |
| Steps in the sexual cycle of fungus | Plasmogamy-karyogamy-zygotic meiosis |
| Result of plasmogamy | Dikaryon formation (cell with 2 nuclei) |
| Result of karyogamy | Diploid zygote formation |
| Result of zygotic meiosis | 4 haploid meiospores are formed |
| Zygote undergoes meiosis and forms | 4 haploid meiospores |
| Ehat happens to these spores (meiospores) | These spores germinate to produce haploid thallus mycelium |
| After karyogamy, what happens | Karyogamy results in diploid zygote formation and this zygote develops a thick wall and forms a resting spore- zygospore (in zygomycetes) and oospore (in oomycetes) |
| What do these spores do? (Zygospore/ oospore) | In favourable conditions, these spores divide by meiosis to form meiospore |
| What happens in asco and basidio | Karyogamy is delayed after dikaryon formation. Dikaryon cell does mitosis to form an intervening stage- dikaryophase of fungus |
| How is fruiting body formed? | It is formed in asco and basidio when karyogamy is delayed. Here, each dikaryon cell mitosis and forms mycelium having (n+n). This mycelium forms a distinct structure called fruiting body |
| Fruiting bodies in asco and basidio? | Ascocarp and basidiocarp |
| What happens to asco and basidiocarp | Each cell does karyogamy and the cell becomes diploid ZYGOTE. This cell ividea by meiosis to form meiospores (ascospore and basidiospore) |
| Fruting body is formed in? | Asco and basidio |
| Normal (no delayed karyogamy) in? | Phyco |
| Name the sexual spores of fungus | Zygospore, oospore, ascospore, basidiospore |
| Phycomycetes- lifestyle and habitat | Aquatic habitat, decaying wood in damp and moist places and as obligate parasites on plants |
| Mycelium of phyco | Branched, multicellular, aseptate/coenocytic |
| Phyco- asexual reproduction | Zoospore and aplanospore/sporangiospore |
| Planogametic population | Three types of sexual reproduction |
| Sexual reproduction- phyco | Isogamy (zygo), anisogamy (zygo), oogamy (oomycetes) |
| Oogamy involves | One large non motile egg and one small motile male gamete- oomycetes |
| Rhizopus and mucor reproduction? | Asexual- aplanospore/ sporangiospore. Sexual- gamatangial comjugation- isogamous |
| Oomycetes ex | Albugo candida/ cytopus candida, phytopthora infestas, phytopthora palmivora, pythium |
| Albugo candida/ cytopus candida | Causes white rust of mustard/ crucifers, in which white spots are seen on mustard leaves. Is a parasite |
| Phytopthora infestans | Causes late blight of potato (irish famine) |
| Phytopthora palmivora | First bioherbicide |
| Pythium | Has cellulose cell wall. Causes damping off seedlings |
| Zygo ex | Rhizopus, mucor, glomus |
| First bio herbicide | Phytopthora palmivora |
| Rhizopus | The Black bread mould |
| Mucor | Pin mould |
| Glomus | Is a biofertilizer which forms endomycorrhiza in roots of grasses |
| Asco- habitat | (4)- saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic and coprophilous (dung) |
| Mycelium asco | Branched, multicellular, septate |
| Unicellular ascomycetes | Yeast |
| Asexual reproduction- asco | By conidia- produced exogenously (exospore) on conidiophores. |
| Conidia on germination produces | Mycelium |
| Zoospores | Are wallless and motile- aquatic phyco |
| Aplanospores | Non motile- multinucleate black coloured spores in zygo of phyco |
| Sexual rep- asco | By fruting body/ ascocarp |
| In asco, karyogamy occurs in? | Ascus mother cell |
| Karyogamy is followed by- in asco? | Meiosis but somtimes mitosis. In this way, 4 or 8 endogenous ascospores are formed inside ascus |
| Endogenous ascospores in ascus forms | Haploid thallus |
| Types of ascocarp | Apothecium (saucer shape), perithecium (flask shape), cleistothecium (closed ascocarp). (Aposaucer, periflask and cleistoclosed) |
| Examples of cleistothecium | Closed ascocarp- aspergillus, penicillium |
| Closed ascocarps are found in | Aspergillus and penicillium |
| Asco ex? | (9)- claviceps purpurae, yeast, morels, truffle, peziza, erysiphe, giberella fujikorai, aspergillus and penicillium (clever yeast) |
| Claviceps purpurea | Causes ergot of rye, hallucinogen LSD, medicine for high BP and to induce uterus contraction. It’s consumption causes St. antony’s fire. |
| Yeast | (3)- saccharimyces cerevisiae, candida albicans, monascus purpureus. |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Bread and beer production |
| Candida albicans | Candidiasis/ thrush and otomycosis (ear infection) |
| Monascus purpureas | Produces statins (drug) which is reduces blood cholesterol |
| Morel and truffle | Morel (morchella) and truffle (tuber) are edible and are considered delicacies. |
| Erysiphe | Causes powdery mildew |
| Gibberela fujikorai | Foolish seedling diseases |
| Aspergillus flavus and A. Parasiticus | Storage grains- aflatoxin- liver cancer. |
| A. Niger causes | Citrus acid, takadiastase. Causes otomycosis |
| Aspergillus antibiotic | Flavicin, fumigallin |
| Otomycosis is caused by | Yeast (candida) and aspergillus niger |
| Aspergillosis is caused by | A. Flavus |
| Citric acid and takadiastase are | Aspergillus niger)- are biotech products |
| Flavicin and fumigallin are | Antibiotics- (aspergillus) |
| Penicillium notatum | Are blue/green mould- rot of citrus/orange. Cheese- roquefort. Antibiotics- penicillin, griseofulvin |
| Penicillium antibiotics | Penicillin and griseofulvin |
| Roquefort cheese | Penicillium notatum |
| Foolish seedling disease is caused by | Giberalla fujikorai |
| Bakane of rice is caused by | Giberalla fujikorai |
| Neurospora | Is a pink bread mould- used in biochemical and gentic work |
| Basidio habitat | Soil, on logs and tree stumps, plant parasites- rust and smuts |
| Mycelium- basidio | Multicellular,branched, septate. The septa has a special type of barrel shaped pore- dolipore septa. Secondary mycelia (dikaryo phase) has clamp connection |
| Asexual reproduction- basidio | Asexual spores- not found. Vegetative reproduction- fragmentation |
| Sexual rep- basidio | Sex organs are absent. Plasmogamy is done by fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of diff genotype/ strain. |
| What happens after plasmogamy- basidio? | Dikaryotic basidiocarp is formed by mitosis of dikaryotic stage |
| In basidiocarp | Large no. Of basidia (s.- basidium) are aaranged. Undergo karyogamy and meiosis- 4 exogenous haploid basidiospores formed. - Haploid thallus |
| The dikaryotic stage is v long as compared to asco | |
| Rust diseases? | By basidio- black stem rust of wheat, yellow stripe rust of wheat, brown orange leaf rust. |
| Black/ stem rust of wheat is caused by | Puccinia graminis tritici |
| Yellow/ stripe rust is caused by? | Puccinia striiformis |
| Brown rust/ orange rust/ leaf rust is caused by | P. Recomdita tritici |
| Puccinia | Is obligatory heteroecious (wheat and barberry) parasite. Causes air borne disease and is a type of epiphytotic diseases |
| Rust cycle stages | Uredia stage, telia stage, acecia stage. |
| Himgiri variety of rust disease is resistant to | Hill bunt (type of smut) and leaf (brown/orange rust) and stripe (yellow rust) |
| Rust disease is | Air air borne disease |
| Rust diseases caused by | Puccinia |
| Black /stem rust of wheat | Puccinia graminis tritici |
| Yellow /stripe rust of wheat | Puccinia striiformis |
| Brown rust/ orange rust/ leaf rust | Puccinia recondita tritici |
| Puccinia is | Epiphytic disease |
| Basidia infects | Barberry (forms pyccinia stage) |
| Aeciospore? | Transfers infection from barberry to wheat |
| Stages of rust cycle in wheat | Uredia stage- telia stage- basidia stage |
| Colour of uredia stage | Brown |
| Telia stage colour | Black |
| Uredia stage infects | Urediospores Reinfects wheat |
| Urediospore undergo | Mitosis and form teleutospore |
| Teleutospores of telia stage ? | Black coloured undergo karyogamy |
| Urediospores and teleutospores are | Dikaryon |
| After karyogamy, what happens? | Meiosis and basiospores (basidia) are formed |
| Stages of rust cycle in barberry | Puccinia and accia stage |
| Basidia infects barberry and undergo pyccinia stage and plasmogamy happens where they reach accia stage. What happens after that? | Acciospores formed (dikaryon) which tranfer the infection from barberry to wheat |
| Dikaryon formation in | Uredia, telia and accecia stage |
| Plasmogamy in | Puccinia stage |
| Meisosis happens in | Basidia stage |
| Karyogamy in | Telia stage |
| Smut disease is spread by | Seed and flowers |
| Loose smut of wheat? | Ustilago |
| Common smut fungus | Ustilago |
| The area affected by smut disease transforms into | Sooty mass of spores. Common fungus causing is ustilago |
| Edible mushroom | Agaricus (its basiocarp is edible and is a saprophytic fungus) |
| What is spawn | It is the seed of mushroom which is a secondary mycelium |
| Toad stool | Poisonous mushroom- amanita |
| Amanita forms | Endo mycorrhizae and amantia is a hallucinogenic |
| Seed of agaricus? | Spawn is a seed of mushroom which is a secondary mycelium |
| Mushroom is also called | Gill fungus |
| Types of gill fungus | Agaricus and toadstool/poisonous |
| Puffball? | Lycoperdon, calvatia |
| Bracket fungi | Ganoderma |
| Phallus | Stinkhorn fungus |
| Psilocybe? | Hallucinogen psilocybin |
| Polyporus also called | Trametes (turkey tail) |
| White rot of wood or lignin removal from pulp is caused by? | Polyporus/ trametes (turkey tail) and phanerochaete |
| Rx of basidio | Puccinia, ustilago, mushroom (edible and posionous), puffball, bracket fungi, phallus, psilocybe, polyporus/trametes (turkey tail) and phanerochaete |
| Deuteromycetes is also called | Fungi imperfecti |
| Why is deutero called imperfecti | No sexual reproduction |
| Most of the members of deutero have features similar to | Asco |
| Habitat and lifestyle- deutero | Saprophytic or parasites or majority- decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling |
| Mycelium deutero | Branched, multicellular and septate |
| Deutero help im | Mineral recycling |
| ASexual reproduction deutero? | By conidia |
| Early blight of potato by? | Alternaria soleni |
| Tikka disease of groundnut by | Cervospora personata |
| Red rot of sugarcane | Colletotrichum |
| Arhar is also called | Pigeon pea |
| Wilt of arhar/ pigeon pea | Fusarium udum |
| What caused bengal famine | Brown/ sesame leaf spot of rice- helminthosporium oryzae |
| Ring worm is caused by? | 3 deutero- trichophyton interdigitae, epidermophyton, microsporum |
| Athlete foot by? | Trichophyton |
| Cyclosporin A ? | An immunosuppresent- trichoderma polysporun |
| Trichoderma viridae and T harzianum used? | Biological control of plant fungul diseases. It produces chitinase and cellulase |
| Use of fungus in patients undergoing organ transplant | Trichoderma polysporum- is used as immunosuppressant |
| Fungus used for biocontrol of plant fungal disease | Trichoderma viridae and trichoderma harzianum |
| Fusarium graminearumv(quorn)- SCP | |
| Lichen? | Composite organism of algae and fungus |
| Mycorrhizae? | Fungul roots- in symbiotic relationship with higher plant roots |
| Lichens relationship? | Symbiotic b/w algae and fungus |
| Phycobiant? | Is the algal partner (green algae usually)- produces food by photosynthesis- BGA can also be there |
| Mycobiant | Asco or basidio- heterotrophic partner- provides shelter to algae and absorbs water and mineral nutrients from substratum and provides it to algae |
| Relational b/w phycobiant and mycobiant is? | Slave- master relationship |
| Lichens grow | Very slow (few mm per year) |
| Slave master relationship is called | Helotism- fungus/mycobiant is dominant and cant live without algae. Algae can occur in free conditions |
| Flat lichen? | Crustose lichen |
| Leaf lichen? | Foliose lichen |
| Bushy lichen | Fruticose lichen |
| Foliose lichen is aatached to substratum by? | Rhizoid |
| Fruticose lichen is attached to substratum by | Disc |
| Cephylla? | Structure on lichen thallus helping in respiration |
| Structures helping in vegetative reproduction? | Isidia and sorrdia |
| Importance of lichen | Pollution indicators. Lichens+mosses are the pioneers of community in ecological succession on roch as they secrete acids that corrode rock and paedogenesis |
| What kind of relationship is there in mycorrhizae? | Symbiotic- fungus provides water and mineral to root of higher plants and plant provides sugar and nitrogen containing compounds to fungus |
| Mainly fungus helps in? | Phosphorus absorption |
| Types of mycorrhizae? | Endomyco, ecto |
| Endomycorrhiza | Penetrate cortex cells and form vesicle, arbuscule and pelaton. Commonly seen in grasses and orchids. All are biofertilizers |
| Ex of endomyco | Glomus, gigaspora and sclerocystis (zygomycetes- aspetate) |
| Ectomyco | Live in ICS and byphae dont penetrate the cells |
| Ectomyco is seen in? | Trees like pine and eucalyptus. With Amantia |
Created by:
Jasmeetkamdar
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