Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Micro-Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted | epidemiology |
| study of disease | pathology |
| term for cause of disease---microbial/autoimmune/etc? (ex: mosquito bite/Malaria) | etiology |
| development of the disease; disease progression (ex: kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion) | pathogenicity |
| microbes invading and overcoming the body defenses; start to see the symptoms | infection |
| the body is out of balance, not functioning normally; homeostasis out of balance | disease |
| competes with transient pathogenic microbes for resources helping to prevent infection; can be supplemented with probiotics, prebiotics can be harmful | resident flora (resident microbiota) |
| how normal microbiota becomes opportunistic | relocation (E. coli moves from lower to upper GI), allowed to overgrow, weakened immune system, poor nutrition, stress |
| not spread from host to host (ex: rabies---have to be bit by wild animal to get disease) | non-communicable |
| can be spread from host to host (ex: common cold, flu) | communicable |
| period of time when the disease is most easily and rapidly spread | contagious |
| whole number (ex: how many people total? how many people in a month?); number of occurrences | incidence |
| percentage of incidence per some other condition | prevalence |
| random increases in incidence; only occur occasionally | sporadic |
| rapid increase in incidence in a short amount of time | epidemic |
| epidemic that is world wide | pandemic |
| can always be found (more prevalent) in that group/area (race, geographic region) | endemic |
| fast onset, short duration | acute |
| slow onset, long duration | chronic |
| between acute and chronic | subacute |
| disease has an acute onset, then a long dormant period before disease occurs again | latent |
| disease/infection limited to a small area of the host body (ex: sinus infection, fungal infection of toe) | local disease/infection |
| involves multiple organ systems (ex: sepsis) | systemic |
| occurred in one area, but disease involved multiple organ systems (ex: cancer) | focal infection/disease |
| infection in the blood stream | septic/sepsis |
| pathology that caused initial symptoms (ex: Grandma breaks hip) | primary pathology |
| another pathology after/or as a result of the primary (ex: get hip surgery and get infection) | secondary pathology |
| predisposing factors of secondary pathology | weakened immune system, illness, poor nutrition, stress, age, procedure |
| contracted in a clinical facility | nosocomial, HAI |
| ***disease progression curve: stage 1 | incubation stage period; infection but no S/Sx |
| ***disease progression curve: stage 2 | prodromal (malaise); general discomfort (malaise) but no specific S/Sx |
| ***disease progression curve: stage 3 | disease stage; peak, get treatment |
| ***disease progression curve: stage 4 | convalescence; recovery period, stands but body is still healing |
| directly transmitted from another host | direct transmission |
| transmitted by fomite; water borne, food borne, airborne (droplet) | indirect transmission |
| location where the microbe can frequently be found | reservoir |
| something that carries the microbe/disease from one host to another | vector |
| not usually new diseases; rapid increase in infections; potential to mutate and rapidly increase | emerging |
| catalog all the characteristics of the disease and etiology | descriptive epidemiology |
| work with the number; track incidence and prevalence | analytical (statistical) epidemiology |
| research; field research | experimental epidemiology |
| USA -- CDC; global -- WHO; state and local -- health departments | epidemiology agencies |
| portals of entry for microbes | skin/parenteral, respiratory, digestive, urogenital |
| term for # of microbes to make 50% of subjects sick | ID50 (Infectious dose at 50%) |
| term for # of microbes to kill 50% of subjects | LD50 (lethal dose at 50%) |
| degree of damage caused by a microbe to its host | virulence |
| most common portal of entry | respiratory |
| T or F? Portal of exit usually same as portal of entry. | True |
| how does virus adhere to host cell? | antigen receptors |
| how does bacteria/protozoa adhere to host cell? | surface proteins or sugars |
| ways microbes avoid phagocytosis | biofilms/capsules, hide in mucous, hide in the phagocytes (Mycobacterium-- Acid fast -- Waxy lipids) |
| an infectious microbe alters the proteins or carbohydrates on its surface and thus avoids a host immune response | antigen variation |
| beta hemalytic enzyme that breaks down clots | coagulase |
| enzyme that breaks down collagen | collagenase |
| enzyme that absorbs iron to cause the body to increase RBC production, and decrease WBC production; shutting of immune system (immunosuppressed) | siderophores |
| enzymes damage cell structure, producing wastes, cell rupture through reproduction, production of exotoxins | direct cell damage |
| cell damage caused by endotoxins, using host nutrients | indirect cell damage |
| effects of cell damage caused by viruses | cytopathic effects |
| C. diff | bacteria, digestive |
| Brucellosis | bacteria, digestive |
| Hepatitis C | virus, skin |
| Epstein-Barr | virus, digestive |
| MRSA | bacteria, skin |
| Rabies | virus, skin |
| E. coli | bacteria, digestive |
| Bordetella pertussis (Whooping cough) | bacteria, resp. |
| Ebola | virus, skin |
| Chlamydia | bacteria, urogenital |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | bacteria, resp. |
| Plasmodium (malaria) | protozoa, skin |
| Candidiasis (Candida albicans) | fungus, urogenital |
| prokaryotic domain and kingdom | Domain-Prokarya, Kingdom-bacteria |
| process of bacterial growth/cell division | binary fission |
| time it takes for the entire population to double | generation time |
| bacterial standard growth curve steps | lag, log, stationary, death |
| physical growth requirements of bacteria | temp, pH, osmotic pressure |
| chemical growth requirements of bacteria | carbon source, N/H/P/S, O2, growth factors (signal growth phase to start or stop), vitamins/minerals/other trace elements |
| prokaryotic cell shape: round, circular, oval | coccus/cocci |
| prokaryotic cell shape: linear, rod-shaped | bacillus |
| prokaryotic cell shape: spiral with one bend | vibrio |
| prokaryotic cell shape: spiral with one complete turn | spiral |
| prokaryotic cell shape: spiral with many turns (worm-like) | spirillium/spirocheate |
| prokaryotic cell arrangement: no arrangement | spirals always have no arrangement |
| prokaryotic cell arrangement: diplo | 2; coccus, bacillus |
| prokaryotic cell arrangement: tetrads | 4; cocci |
| prokaryotic cell arrangement: sarcinae | cube-like (8); cocci |
| prokaryotic cell arrangement: strepto | chain; coccus, bacillus |
| prokaryotic cell arrangement: staphylo | cluster; coccus |
| prokaryotic cell arrangement: pallisades | stacked back to back like bookends; bacillus |
| prokaryotic cell with one flagella | monotrichous |
| prokaryotic cell with flagella at each pole | amphitrichous |
| prokaryotic cell with clump of flagella at one pole | lophotrichous |
| prokaryotic cell with flagella all over | peritrichous |
| prokaryotic extracellular appendage found only on spirochetes | axial filaments |
| prokaryotic extracellular appendage used for attachment to surfaces | fimbriae |
| prokaryotic extracellular appendage used for attachment to other bacteria for transfer of DNA | pili |
| prokaryotic "sugar coat" that protects prokaryote from the immune system and can also help prokaryote stick to surfaces (capsule, biofilm) | glycocaylax |
| what makes up the prokaryotic cell wall? | peptidoglycans and lipids |
| part of the prokaryotic cell that is a selectively permeable membrane | plasma membrane |
| part of the prokaryotic cell that contains cytosol and other intracellular components | plasma membrane |
| part of the prokaryotic cell that moves; it's the location of genetic material at any given time | nucleoid |
| part of the prokaryotic cell responsible for protein synthesis | 70s ribosomes |
| part of the prokaryotic cell that holds extra chromosomal DNA accumulated from other prokaryotes | plasmid |
Created by:
nurse savage
Popular Science sets