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Cells & Tissue
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The basic structural and functional unit of living organism | Cell |
| The biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of specific subcellular structures | Principle of complementarity |
| Continuity of life | Cellular basis |
| 4 elements of cells | -carbon -hydrogen -oxygen -nitrogen |
| Are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function | Tissue |
| Three main regions of cell | -nucleus -cytoplasm -plasma membrane |
| 4 primary types of tissues | -epithelial tissue (epithelium) -connective tissue -muscle tissue -nervous tissue |
| Locations of epithelial tissue | -body coverings -body linings -glandular tissue |
| Functions of epithelial tissue | -protection -absorption -filtration -secretion |
| Characteristics of epithelium | -cells fir closely together and often form sheets -avascular (no blood supply) -regenerate easily if well nourished |
| Is the free surface on the tissue | Apical surface |
| One layer of cell | Simple |
| More than one layer | Stratified |
| Shape of cells | -squamous -cuboidal -columnar |
| Flattened | Squamous |
| Cube-shaped | Cuboidal |
| Column-like | Columnar |
| Single layer of flat cells | Simple squamous |
| Single layer of cube-like cells | Simple cuboidal |
| Single layer of tall cells | Simple columnar |
| Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others | Pseudostratified columnar |
| Cells at the apical surface are flattened | Stratified squamous |
| Location of simple squamous | -lines body cavities -lines lungs and capillaries |
| Function of simple squamous | -diffusion -filtration -secretion in membranes |
| Location of simple epithelia | -common in glands and their ducts -forms walls of kidney tubules -covers the ovaries |
| Function of simple epithelia | Secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells |
| Location of simple columnar | Lines digestive tract |
| Function of simple columnar | Secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells |
| Location of pseudostratified columnar | Respiratory tract |
| Functions of pseudostratified columnar | Absorption or secretion |
| Function of stratified sqaumous | Protective covering where friction is common |
| Location of stratified squamous | -skin -mouth -esophagus |
| Two layers of cuboidal cells; functions in protection | Stratified cuboidal |
| Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape; functions in protection | Stratified columnar |
| -rare in human body -found mainly in ducts of large glands | Stratified cuboidal and columnar |
| -composed of modified stratified squamous epithelium -shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching | Transitional epithelium |
| One or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product | Glands |
| Two major glands | -endocrine glands -exocrine glands |
| -Ductless since secretions diffuse into blood vessels -all secretions are hormones | Endocrine glands |
| -secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface -include sweat and oil glands | Exocrine glands |
| Found everywhere in the body | Connective tissue |
| Function of connective tissue | -binds body tissues together -supports the body -provides protection |
| Non-living material that surrounds living cells | Extracellular matrix |
| Two main elements of extracellular matrix | -ground substance -fibers produced by the cells |
| Mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules | Ground substance |
| Three types of fibers produced by the cell | -collagen (white) fibers -elastic (yellow) fibers -reticular fibers |
| Types of connective tissue | -bone -cartilage -dense connective tissue -loose connective tissue -blood |
| -sometimes called “osseous” -composed of osteocytes | Bone |
| -Is less hard and more flexible than bone -is found in only a few places in the body | Cartilage |
| Major cell type of cartilage | Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) |
| Most common type of cartilage | Hyaline cartilage |
| Highly compressible | Fibrocartilage |
| Found in structures with elasticity, such as the external ear | Elastic cartilage |
| The main matrix is collagen fibers | Dense connective tissue or dense fibrous tissue |
| Are cells that make fibers | Fibroblasts |
| Attach skeletal muscle to bone | Tendons |
| Attach bine to bone at joints | Ligaments |
| Lower layers of the skin | Dermis |
| Are softer and have more cells and fewer fibers than any other connective tissue type except blood | Loose connective tissue |
| Three main types of loose connective tissue | -areolar -adipose -reticular |
| -The most widely distributed connective tissue variety in the body -soft, pliable, “cobwebby” tissue that cushions and protects the body organs it wraps | Areolar connective tissue |
| -Underlies all mucous membranes -its fluid matrix contains all types of fibers, which form a loose network | Lamina propria |
| When a body is inflamed, the local areolar tissue soaks up the excess fluid like a sponge, and the area that swells and becomes fluffy | Edema |
| -Is commonly called fat -it is an areolar tissue in which adipose cells predominate | Adipose connective tissue |
| Consists of a delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers associated with reticular cells | Reticular connective tissue |
| Largely white blood cells | Lymphocytes |
| -is consists of blood cells surrounded by blood plasma | Blood or vascular tissue |
| Nonliving, fluid matrix | Blood plasm |
| Are highly specialized to contract, or shorten, which generates the force required to produce movement | Muscle tissue |
| Tissue is packaged by connective tissue sheets in to organs | Skeletal muscle |
| Three types of muscle tissue | -skeletal -cardiac -smooth |
| Is found only in the heart wall | Cardiac muscle |
| -Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, and blood vessels -no striations are visible | Smooth (visceral) muscle |
| Cardiac cells have only a single nucleus and are relatively short, branching cells that fit together at junctions | Intercalated discs |
| Wavelike motion that keeps food moving through the small intestine, is typical of its activity | Peristalsis |
| Composed of neurons and nerve support cells (neuroglia) | Nervous tissue |
| Two major functional characteristics of nervous tissue | -irritability -conductivity |
| Able to respond to stimuli | Irritability |
| Able to conduct to impulses | Conductivity |
| Is a general (nonspecific) body response that attempts to prevent further injury | Inflammation |
| Is extremely specific and mounts a vigorous attack against recognized invaders, including bacteria, viruses and toxins | Immune response |
| Two major ways of tissue repair or wound healing | -regeneration -fibrosis |
| Is the placement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells | Regeneration |
| Involves repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue, that is, the formation of scar tissue | Fibrosis |
| Events in tissue repair | -inflammation sets the stage -granulation tissue forms -regeneration of surface epithelium |
| -Capillaries become very permeable -clotting proteins migrate into the area form the blood stream -a clot walls off the injured area | Inflammation sets the stage |
| -growth of new capillaries -rebuild collagen fibers | Granulation tissue forms |
| Scab detaches | Regeneration of surface epithelium |
| Is permanent tightening of the skin affecting the underlying tendons or muscles | Contracture |
| -When cells fail to honor normal controls on cell division and multiply wildly, an abnormal mass of proliferating cells - new growth | Neoplasm |
| Certain body tissues may enlarge because there is some local irritant or condition that stimulates the cells | Hyperplasia |
| -decrease in size -can occur in an organ or body area that loses its normal stimulation | Atrophy |
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