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MAanatomy physiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| abdominal = celiac region | portion of the trunk between the thorax and the pelvis |
| ante brachial = cubital region = forearm | region between the elbow and wrist |
| antecubital, cubital fossa, elbow pit VS popliteal VS patellar VS olecranal | space in front of elbow VS area behind knee / back of knee VS anterior knee VS back of elbow |
| axillary VS acromial | armpit area VS point of shoulder |
| brachial = arm | proximal portion of upper limb |
| buccal VS mental VS parotid region VS zygomatic VS infraorbital | region of cheek VS chin VS behind the cheek, in front of lobule of ears VS in front of tragus of ears VS behind nasal region |
| gluteal region VS coxal VS lumbar | posterior aspect of lower trunk / buttock VS hip VS loin |
| carpal VS tarsal | wrist VS ankle and instep of foot |
| celiac | abdomen |
| cephalic VS occipital VS mastoid region | head VS back of head or base of skill VS behind ears, in front of occipital region |
| cervical VS nuchal | neck region or cervix region VS nape |
| costal e.g. Costochondritis | ribs e.g. An inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the breastbone. |
| cranial | pertaining to skull |
| crural = leg | portion of lower extremity between knee and foot |
| cubital = antebrachial = forearm VS brachial | region between elbow and wrist VS arm |
| cutaneous e.g. cutaneous pigmentation | pertaining to skin e.g. |
| femoral = thigh | part of lower extremity between hip and knee |
| frontal region of the head | forehead |
| gluteal VS coxal VS lumbar | buttock region VS hip VS loin |
| groin = inguinal VS pubic | depressed region between abdomen and thigh VS genital area |
| sternal VS scapular VS vertebral | breastbone VS shoulder blade VS spinal column |
| lumbar VS coxal VS gluteal | region of lower back and side between lowest rib and pelvis ; loin VS hip VS buttock |
| mammary VS thoracic | pertaining to the breast VS chest |
| navel = umbilical region | middle region of abdomen |
| occipital VS temporal VS parietal region | lower portion of the back of the head VS the side of the head behind the eyes VS in front of occipital |
| ophthalmic / orbital | pertaining to the eyes |
| oral | pertaining to the mouth |
| otic / auricular | pertaining to ears |
| palmar VS manus VS digital VS pollex VS hallux | palm of hand VS hand VS fingers/toes VS thumb VS big toe |
| pectoral / thoracic | chest region |
| plantar VS tarsal VS pedal VS digital VS hallux VS calcaneal VS sural VS fibular/peroneal VS perineal | sole of foot VS ankle and instep of foot VS foot VS toes VS big toe VS heel VS calf VS side of leg VS region between the anus and external genitalia (pubic symphysis) |
| pelvic VS sacral region | inferior region of abdominopelvic cavity VS it is at the bottom of the spine and lies between the fifth segment of the lumbar spine (L5) and the coccyx (tailbone) |
| perineal VS peroneal / fibular | region between anus and pubic symphysis; includes region of external reproductive organs VS side of leg |
| dorsum / dorsal region VS olecranal | back VS back of elbow |
| popliteal VS antecubital | area behind knee VS space in front of elbow |
| sacral | posterior region between hip bones |
| sternal | anterior midline of the thorax |
| tarsal VS plantar | ankle and instep of foot VS sole of foot |
| thigh = femoral region | part of lower extremity between hip and knee |
| thoracic | chest; part of trunk inferior to neck and superior to diaphragm |
| umbilical = navel | middle region of abdomen |
| vertebral | backbone; pertaining to spinal column |
| active transport.. trans- = | process that moves substances across or through a membrane and requires cellular energy. — ....= across, through |
| anatomic position Body is standing erect, Face is forward, Arms are at the sides, Palms and toes directed forward | standard reference position for the body — |
| axon VS dendrite | motor neuron / efferent process of a neuron (take information away from the cell body) VS sensory neuron / afferent processes (bring information to the cell body) |
| chondrocyte —- chondr/o = cartilage , -cyte = cell | cartilage cell —- ....... = cartilage ..... = cell |
| collagenous fibers -ous = ... | strong and flexible connective tissue fibers that contain the protein collagen ——...... = pertaining to |
| cutaneous membrane = skin—-cutane/o = skin | a type of epithelial membrane —- ......= skin |
| cytokinesis —- cyt/o = cell , kinesis = movement | division of the cell at the end of mitosis to form two separate daughter cells. —- ..... = cell , ...... = movement |
| dendrites, dendr VS axon | sensory neuron / afferent processes (bring information to the cell body); treelike processes of a neuron; —- ......- = tree VS motor neuron / efferent process of a neuron (take information away from the cell body) |
| diffusion VS osmosis | movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration VS diffusion of water through permeable membrane |
| elastic fibers | yellow connective tissue fibers that are not particularly strong but can be stretched and will return to their normal shape when released. |
| erythrocytes | RBC |
| fibroblast —- blast | connective tissue cell that produces fibers —— fibr/o = fiber, - = to form, immature cell |
| histology —- hist/o = tissues, -logy = study | branch of microscopic anatomy that studies tissues —- -——- = tissues, -....: = study |
| homeostasis; home/o , -stasis | a normal stable condition in which the body’s internal environment remains the same; constant internal environment—- = sameness, = to stop, control, place |
| human anatomy (anatomy = structure) VS human physiology (-physi/o= nature, function) | study of human body shape and structure and the relationships of its parts VS study of the functions of human tissues and organs and their separate parts. |
| an audiologist | a professional who diagnoses and treats hearing and balance problems |
| Types of leukocytes / white blood cell | granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes, and lymphocytes (T cells and B cells). |
| macrophage | large phagocytic connective tissue cell that functions in the immune response. |
| mast cell | a connective tissue cell that produces heparin and histamine |
| meiosis | type of nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to one half the number found in a body cell; results in the formation of egg or sperm ; results in four sex cells, 23 chromosomes each |
| meninges | connective tissue membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord |
| mitosis | process by which the nucleus of a body cell divides to form two new cells, each identical to the parent cell; results in two identical daughter cells, 46 chromosomes each. |
| mucous membranes , secretes mucus | epithelial membrane that lines body cavities that open directly to the exterior |
| negative feedback | a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiated reactions that reduce the stimulus. |
| neuroglia —- glia | nerve “glue”; supporting cells of nervous tissue; cells in nervous tissue that do not conduct impulses. —- - = glue |
| neuron | nerve cell, including its processes; conducting cell of nervous tissue |
| osmosis VS diffusion | diffusion of water through permeable membrane VS movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration |
| osteocyte | mature bone cell |
| passive transport | process that moves substances across or through a membrane and does not require cellular energy |
| pericardium | membrane that surrounds the heart |
| peritonium | serous membrane associated with the abdominopelvic cavity |
| phagocytosis | condition of cell eating; a form of endocytosis in which fluid droplets are taken into the cell |
| pinocytosis —- pin/o | condition of cell drinking; a form of endocytosis in which fluid droplets are taken into the cell ----- = to drink |
| pleura | serous membrane that surrounds the lungs |
| serous membrane | epithelial membrane that lines closed body cavities |
| synovial membrane | membrane that lines the cavities of freely movable joints |
| thrombocyte, platelet | a formed element of the blood that functions in blood clotting |
| tissue | group of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function |
| ante- = pre- —— antepartum = prenatal | before; in front of ---- e.g. |
| cephalo; cephalic | head |
| peri VS circum —- perioral vs circum oral | around ——- general VS right next to, —— e.g. |
| circum —- circumferential | around —- = completely around |
| distal | towards the periphery; farther from the origin of body part |
| proximal | towards the center; closer to the origin of a body part |
| epi- VS supra e.g. suprapubic catheter/ suprapubic cystostomy | over - in that direction VS over - right on top —- e.g....... |
| supra VS epi e.g. suprapubic catheter/ suprapubic cystostomy | over - in that direction VS over - right on top —- e.g. ...... |
| visceral (viscera = internal organ) VS parietal (pariet = a cavity wall) | covers an internal organ (..... = internal organ) VS against the side, line the walls of the body cavity (.....- refers to a cavity wall). |
| parietal (pariet = a cavity wall) VS visceral (viscera = internal organ) | against the side, line the walls of the body cavity (.....- refers to a cavity wall) VS covers an internal organ (..... = internal organ) |
| pleural | between parietal and visceral |
| ecto-, exo- VS endo | outside VS inside |
| hemi- —- e.g. hemiplegia | half —- e.g. paralysis of one side of the body |
| -inter | in between |
| interstitial | between cells or between organs |
| intra- | inside, within |
| lateral e.g. The eye is lateral to the nose; The radius is lateral to the ulna | towards the sides, the side of the body or part of the body that is away from the middle, Farther from the midline. e.g. The eye is ........... to the nose; The radius is ........ to the ulna |
| medial e.g. The neck is medial to the shoulder; the tibia is medial to the fibula (the calf bone) | towards the middle, Closer to the midline, or dividing line between right and left halves, of the body. e.g. The neck is ...... to the shoulder; the tibia is ....... to the fibula (the calf bone) |
| meso- e.g. mesogastrium | middle e.g. ...... = umbilical region |
| o/o, o/vo, ovul/o VS oophor/o (use with -itis, -ectomy, -pexy) , ovari/o (use with -an) | egg cell VS ovary |
| ocul/o (use with -ar, -facial, -motor), ophthalm/o, opt/o, optic/o | eyes |
| ortho —- orthopedics VS orthodontics | Straight, erect —- = study of the musculoskeletal system dealing with the correction of deformities of bones or muscles VS —- = straightening the teeth |
| neo- e.g. neoplasia —- plasia = grow | new —- abnormal new growth of cell, cancer ..... = grow |
| para — paraplegia VS paracentesis | on the side —- = leg paralysis —- = puncture from the side |
| salping/o | Fallopian tube; Eustachian tube |
| edema | swelling with fluid, Puffiness caused by excess fluid trapped in the body's tissues. |
| ABG - Arterial Blood Gas | This test measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in your blood |
| PRN (pro re nata) VS ad lib | as needed VS as desired (whenever the Pt wants) |
| ASAP VS stat, elective —> routine —> ASAP —> STAT | as soon as possible VS immediately ; the latter is more urgent ; the order or priority = |
| BUN - Blood Urea Nitrogen | a medical test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen found in blood |
| -centesis | puncture (using needle) to withdraw fluid |
| -ectomy | surgical removal —- cut something out |
| -ostomy VS -otomy | surgically create an opening / a stoma ; open and leave open VS open up and close |
| -otomy VS lasceration VS -tome e.g. craniotome | cutting into : cut something (on purpose) VS cut by accident VS cutting instrument e.g. |
| -pexy | surgical fixation; move the organ to the right place |
| -plasty | surgical repair; change the shape of something |
| -rrhapy VS -rrhexis | suture; sew something up VS rupture |
| -desis VS -tripsy e.g. lithotripsy VS anastomosis | binding/surgical fusion/fixation by bringing together ; made two things sticks together VS surgical crushing e.g. surgical crushing of unwanted stones forming in the kidneys/gall bladder VS binding after ectomy |
| cibum e.g. AC VS PC = postprandial | meals —e.g- before meal VS after meals (2 terms) |
| -constrict VS -dilate | make narrower VS make wider |
| D&C - Dilation and Curetage | a surgical procedure in which the cervix (lower, narrow part of the uterus) is dilated (expanded) so that the uterine lining (endometrium) can be scraped with a curette (spoon-shaped instrument) to remove abnormal tissues. |
| emesis = emetic e.g. antiemetic; emesis basin/bag | vomit e.g. .......... |
| FBS level VS BGL - Fasting Blood Sugar VS blood glucose level VS glycosylated hemoglobin | the result of a blood sample taken after a patient fasts for 8-10 hours VS blood sugar level VS blood test measuring the amount of glucose bound to hb in the blood |
| - i.d. or qd VS bid VS tid VS qid | per day or daily, 2x a day, 3x a day, 4x a day |
| -graph VS graphy VS scope VS scopy VS spirometry VS metry VS gram | instrument used to record VS recording process/2record VS viewing instrument VS the process of viewing, a visual exam VS measurement of breathing VS process of measuring VS the record or picture (the result) |
| hCG blood test — Human Chorionic Gonadotropin VS hormone produced by placenta | pregnancy test VS hCG hormone |
| liga- e.g ligature VS tubal ligation | to tie, to bind, tying, binding. ——e.g. a thread/wire to tie off blood vessel VS getting your tubes tied to avoid pregnancy |
| pruritus VS parturition VS difficult parturition = dystocia | itching —— e.g. mosquito bite (hemorrhoids are often accompanied by this) VS child birth = labor = delivery VS abnormal labor |
| -pepsia —e.g- dyspepsia | a state of the digestion —-e.g. indigestion = an upset stomach = discomfort in your upper abdomen |
| -phagia VS -phasia | swallow, eat VS speaking |
| aden/o VS balan/o | gland VS glans penis |
| angio- , vas/o, vascul/o | blood vessel |
| arthr/o- , articul/o | joint |
| axilla VS mammary papilla | armpit VS nipple |
| bronch/o, bronchi/o | bronchial tube / bronchus / airways in the lungs |
| bulla VS vesicle | bubble, stud, knob —- one large blister of fluid VS small blister, sac of fluid |
| carp/o VS chir/o | wrist bones (carpals) VS hand |
| cervical—e.g.- cervicalgia | neck, cervix —- e.g. neck pain, cervical cancer |
| chondro- VS ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o | cartilage VS tendon |
| -cibus , e.g. sine cibus VS CIB VS cibophobia | food —-e.g. without food VS with food VS fear of eating, loathing for food |
| clavicle VS scapula | collarbone VS shoulder bone, shoulder blade, wing bone or blade bone |
| colp/o, vagin/o VS pen/o, phall/o | vagina VS penis |
| cost/o VS stern/o | rib VS breastbone/sternum |
| cranium | |
| crani/o VS om/o | skull VS shoulder |
| cyst VS cholecyst/o VS vesic/o | sac with fluid VS gall bladder VS urine bladder |
| episio e.g. episiotomy = perineotomy | pubic region (loins, perinium, or vulva) —-e.g. a surgical cut made at the opening of the vagina during childbirth. |
| fasci/o | fascia (membrane supporting muscles) |
| follic, follicul/o. e.g. hair follicle | small secretory sac/gland e.g. ....... |
| gingiv/o VS palat/o | gum VS palate (roof of the mouth) |
| gloss/o, lingu/o | tongue |
| gly- e.g. glycolysis VS glycemia | glucose —e.g. — break down of glucose VS the presence of glucose in the blood |
| hem/o, hemat/o VS -emia, -emic | blood VS blood condition |
| hepat/o VS splen/o | liver VS spleen |
| ilium VS ileum VS iliac | the uppermost and largest bone of the pelvis VS final section (last third) of the small intestine, sides and top of pelvis |
| lactation | creation of milk |
| larynx VS pharynx — naso VS oro VS laryngopharynx, oropharynx = the superior border of the epiglottis | windpipe with vocal cords VS throat ; the order? the superior border of the epiglottis |
| adip/o, lip/o, steat/o | fat |
| macula , macul- , maculat- VS immaculate | a small spot, blotch VS spotless, impeccably clean |
| mast/o , mamm/o | breast |
| meninges : dura mate, arachnoid matter, pia mater | 3 membranes surrounding the brain |
| hyster/o, metr/o, metri/o, uter/o VS gynec/o | womb VS woman |
| myel/o VS my/o VS myc/o | marrow, spinal cord VS muscle VS fungus |
| my/o , muscul/o (use with -ar, -skeletal), myos/o (use with -in, -itis) VS myom/o | muscle VS muscle tumor |
| natri- e.g. natremia VS hyponatremia | salt ——e.g. presence of sodium/salt ions in the blood VS low blood sodium |
| nephr/o, ren/o VS cyst/o, vesic/o | kidney VS (urinary) bladder |
| neur/o VS radicul/o | nerve VS nerve root |
| obstetr/o (e.g. obstetrician, OB/GYN) VS nat/i, -partum, toc/o, -tocia | pregmancy, childbirth —(e.g. a doctor who specializes in pregnancy, childbirth, and a woman's reproductive system) VS birth |
| onych/o, ungu/o VS "Top Knuckle" (The upper joint closest to the fingernail/the proximal inter-phalangeal joint (PIP)), "Middle Knuckle" (The middle knuckle, the distal inter-phalangeal joint (DIP)), “Base Knuckle” (The joint that connects a finger to the | nail VS types of knuckles |
| dactyl/o VS phalang/o e.g. dactylomegaly | fingers/toes VS finger and toe bones e.g. enlargement of a finger or toe |
| orch/o; orchi/o; orchid/o; test/o | testicle, testis |
| oste/o VS -ostosis | bone VS bone condition |
| papulo- VS pustule | small solid bump / pimple / papule w/out liquid VS pimple w/ liquid |
| ped/i VS ped/o — e.g. pediatrician VS podiatrist (DPM) Doctor of Podiatric Medicine | child VS foot ; e.g. doctor managing the health of your child, including physical, behavior, and mental health issues VS DPM with specialized training to treat disorders of the foot and ankle. |
| phalang/o = phalanges (of fingers and toes) | ...... (of fingers and toes) = finger and toe bones |
| phleb/o, ven/o, ven/i VS arter/o, arteri/o | vein VS artery |
| -phonia e.g. Dysphonia | voice, making sound —- e.g. disorders of the voice |
| -phage, phag/o VS -phagia | eat VS eating |
| pituitary | the master hormone |
| -pnea | breathing |
| proct/o VS an/o VS col/o, colon/o | anus and rectum VS anus VS colon |
| scapul/o | shoulder blade, shoulder bone, wing bone, blade bone |
| seb/o, sebace/o | sebum, a light yellow/oily substance |
| sial/o VS sialaden/o | saliva VS salivary gland |
| sternum VS costal bone | breastbone VS rib cage / thoracic cage |
| spleno- VS lymphadeno- | spleen (the largest lymph node) VS lymph node |
| vertebr/o (use with -al), spondyl/o (use with -itis, -lithesis, -osis, -pathy), spin/o (use with -al) | spine / backbone |
| plantar VS tarsal VS pedal | sole of foot VS ankle and instep of foot VS foot |
| ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o | tendon |
| -thorax e.g. hemothorax | in the chest/pleural cavity —e.g.- a collection of blood in the pleural cavity |
| trachea VS larynx | windpipe VS voice box |
| tricho- / hir e.g. trichotillomania VS hirsutism | hair ——e.g. abnormal desire to pull out one’s hair VS unwanted male-pattern hair growth on a woman’s face, chest, and back (a symptom of PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome-hormone disorder) |
| vertebr/o (use with -al), spondyl/o (use with -itis, -lithesis, -osis, -pathy), spin/o (use with -al) | backbone / spine |
| -a VS -eu —- apnea VS eupnea —- anorexia VS eustress | not VS normal —- —- loss of appetite VS a positive type of stress that enhances our functioning. e.g. thrill experienced while watching a horror movie |
| abscess VS py/o, purul/o VS pyel/o | bag of pus VS pus VS renal pelvis |
| phobia e.g. agoraphobia VS claustrophobia VS acrophobia | excessive fear —— e.g excessive fear of public places = .......—- excessive fear of confined places = .......—— excessive fear of heights = ....... |
| COPD VS ARDS | a group of lung diseases (e.g. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis) that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe VS condition causing fluid to leak into your lungs, blocking oxygen from getting to your organs. It’s a symptom of the previous condition |
| cyan/o-; livid/o e.g. cyanosis VS lividous | blue e.g. blue from lack of oxygen VS of a bluish- or purplish-grey color; livid |
| cele- e.g. cystocele | —- relating to a hernia, swelling, bulging, dilation, protrusion e.g. urinary bladder protrudes into vagina |
| dipsia e.g. polydipsia VS oligodipsia | thirst ——e.g. excess thirst VS abnormal lack of thirst, pathologically reduced or absent sense of thirst |
| dys- —e.g. - dysrhythmia VS distress | bad/ill/abnormal—- e.g. problem w/ heartbeat VS a negative form of stress |
| furuncle / boil = folliculitis | infection of follicle |
| goiter (el bocio) VS mumps/parotitis (las paperas, la parotiditis) | swelling in throat from hyperthyroidism VS a viral infection affecting parotid salivary gland |
| hydro VS hidro e.g. hidradeno | water VS sweat, e.g. sweat gland |
| host VS parasite VS symbiote = symbiont | person suffering the infection VS harms the host VS always a beneficiary in the symbiotic relationship. e.g. Most E. coli strains live in our intestines and produce vitamin K and B-complex vitamins |
| hyper VS hypo e.g. hypoxia VS hypercarbia/Hypercapnia | too much VS not enough e.g. too low oxygen VS too much carbon dioxide or CO₂ retention, is a condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood |
| ichtiyo e.g. ichthyosis vulgaris | fish e.g. fish skin/scale disease |
| -in e.g. urinary and fecal incontinence | not —- e.g. unable to control urine and feces |
| homologous structures in reproductive system | • Cowper’s gland in male;Bartholin’s glands in female = secrete lubricants • Penis in male;clitoris in female = contain erectile tissue and contribute to sensation • Testes in male;ovaries in female = produce gametes • Prostate gland in male;Skene’s gland |
| lith- , —e.g.- nephrolithiasis VS cholelithiasis | stone —-e.g. kidney/renal stone forming VS the formation of gallstones |
| malacia VS sclerosis — e.g.- atherosclerosis VS arteriosclerosis | softening VS hardening —-e.g. arteries hardening from fatty deposit VS from old age |
| -mania e.g. pyromania VS megalomania | hyper agitation and hyper —-e.g. uncontrolled misuse of fire VS obsession with the exercise of power |
| micro VS megalo / macro e.g. megalogastria | small VS large—-e.g. abnormal enlargement of the abdomen |
| necro- e.g. necrosis caused by, for example, ischemia | dead / corpse e.g. the death of living cells or tissues caused by, for example, lack of blood flow |
| OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder) VS bipolar disorder | People with this may repeat some rituals over and over again VS manic depression, switching between two opposite state, a disorder associated with episodes of mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs. |
| changi/o VS bil/i, chol/e VS function of bile juice | bile duct/vessel VS bile VS 1.increases the absorption of fats and fat-soluble substances (the vitamins A, D, E, and K) 2.serves as the route of excretion for bilirubin, a byproduct of red blood cells recycled by the liver |
| -oma e.g. carcinoma VS sarcoma | cancer/tumor, large accumulation e.g. forms in epithelial tissue, the skin or tissue cells that line the body's internal organs, such as the kidneys and liver VS sarcoma:grows in endothelial tissue, the body's connective tissue cells, which include fat, b |
| -opia e.g. myopia VS hyperopia = hypermetropia | sight—— e.g. nearsightedness VS farsightedness |
| -osis e.g. Apoptosis | condition mostly abnormal - e.g. the process of programmed cell death to remove diseased or damaged cells from the body without causing harm to other cells. In this process, the damaged or diseased cell initiates self-destruction. |
| palsy e.g. Bell's palsy | paralysis e.g. idiopathic facial paralysis, sudden weakness in the muscles on one half of the face, as a reaction to a viral infection. |
| plegia e.g paraplegia | paralysis e.g. paralysis of lower half body and legs |
| paresis e.g. hemiparesis = unilateral paresis | weakness, incomplete / partial analysis —- weakness of one entire side of body |
| paroxysmal VS sustained e.g. Paroxysmal coughing = cough attacks, a paroxysm of coughing = a lingering cough | sudden periodic, a sudden recurrence or intensification of symptoms, such as a spasm or seizure, come on very suddenly, last a short time, then disappear just as quickly VS the opposite of that — e.g. |
| pneum/o, pneumon/o, aer/o VS pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulmon/o | air VS lung |
| protrude, a protrusion | push through, anything that sticks or juts out from a surface e.g. your nose is a protrusion in the middle of your face |
| ptosis e.g. Blepharoptosis | drooping e.g. an abnormal, low-lying upper eyelid margin |
| pustule VS papule | pimple; visible pus under skin VS no liquid pimple |
| py- VS pyro- e.g. pyuria, VS antipyretics | pus (dead WBC) e.g. the condition of urine containing white blood cells or pus VS too hot e.g. fever —— VS substances that reduce fever. |
| -rrhagia VS -rrhea e.g menorrhagia VS menorrhea VS diarrhea | abnormal/ excessive flow VS flow/discharge —- e.g. heavy bleeding VS normal menstrual flow VS flow of feces |
| sprain VS strain VS dislocation | overstretched, torn, or twisted ligament VS damage to tendon or muscle VS displacement of bone from joint |
| tachy VS brady | too fast VS too slow |
| atelectasis VS ecstasis | collapsed lung, abnormal incomplete expansion of hallow organ (lung) ; abnormal dilatation, distension |
| ARDS (acute respiratory disease syndrome) VS COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) | condition causing fluid to leak into your lungs, blocking oxygen from getting to your organs, a symptom of COPD |
| -cele e.g. cystocele | relating to a hernia, swelling, bulging, dilation, protrusion ; e.g. urinary bladder protrudes into vagina |
| -trophy e.g. hypertrophy VS muscle atrophy | growth / condition of nutrition e.g. the increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells VS the wasting or loss of muscle tissue. |
| -urticaria | raised red skin, hives |
| verruca e.g. veruca plantaris —- wart VS varicose e.g. varicose pain | warts e.g. on the sole of the foot —- a small, hard lump growing on the skin caused by a virus VS bending, turning, e.g. abnormal (gnarled, enlarged) veins, most commonly appearing in the legs&feet. |
| xero- e.g. xerophtalmia VS xeroderma | dry —- excessive dryness and thickening of the conjunctiva and cornea due to Vit.A deficiency VS dry skin |
| frontal / coronal body plane | divides the body front and back |
| transverse / axial body plane | divides the body top/superior and bottom/inferior |
| sagittal / lateral body plane e.g mid-sagittal 50% left and right ; mid-axillary line | divides the body left and right e.g. 50% left and 50% right |
| prone body position | lying face down |
| supine body position | lying face up |
| coccyg/o e.g. The vertebral column usually consists of 33 vertebrae: 24 presacral vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar) followed by the sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae) and the coccyx (4 frequently fused coccygeal vertebrae). | tailbone / coccyx |
| cranium | |
| tripod position | leaning forward, hands on knees —- when breathing difficulties occur |
| Fowler’s position VS semi-Fowler VS standard Fowler VS high Fowler | a position in which the head of the patient’s bed is raised 30 to 90 degrees - standard patient’s position VS 30-45 VS 45-60 VS 60-90 |
| polymenorrhea VS oligomenorrhea | short menstrual cycle, regular bleeding at intervals more less than 21 days VS menstrual cycle length greater than 37 days |
| amenorrhea VS menorrhea VS metrorrhea | no period of six months VS normal menstrual flow VS discharge of mucus or pus from the uterus |
| dysmenorrhea | menstrual cramps |
| menorrhagia VS metrorrhagia | heavy bleeding during your period VS bleeding/spotting in between your periods |
| kalemia VS lipidemia | blood potassium VS blood cholesterol/fat proteins |
| -lysis e.g. bacteriolysis VS hemolysis | decomposition, destruction, separation, rupturing, breaking down —- e.g. destruction of bacteria cells VS rupturing of RBC |
| coma VS syncope | long lasting unresponsiveness VS fainting, loss of consciousness |
| dissociative — e.g. Dissociative identity disorder=DID, VS dislocation | separating actions and thought from self identity ; e.g. multiple personality disorder VS displacement of bone from joint |
| -pathy e.g. Homeopathy | disease of —- e.g. the treatment of disease based on the belief that the body can cure itself. |
| superior VS inferior = sub e.g. subdural | above VS below , e.g. under the dura meninges of the brain |
| dia- e.g. dialysis VS diagnosis VS diachronic | through, throughout, or completely; e.g. cleansing the blood by passing it through a special machine VS to completely define the nature of a disease VS over or period of time |
| anastomosis — anastomosed | create a passageway;surgical connection between2structures created between tubular structures like blood vessels/loops of intestine, eg. when part of an intestine is surgically removed, the 2 remaining ends are sewn or stapled together |
| castration VS circumcision | removing sexual organs VS removing the foreskin of the penis |
| irrigation e.g. wound irrigation | wash with water; e.g. the act of flushing a wound with a gentle stream of liquid in order to remove dead/necrotic tissue and other debris to help clean a wound and keep it hydrated. |
| voiding | urinating, emptying the bladder |
| urinalysis | lab analysis of urine |
| arachnoid VS dura VS pia mater | web-like middle membrane of the brain meninges VS tough outer membrane VS the innermost membrane of meninges |
| myelin sheath VS nodes of Ranvier | insulated layer around an axon, made up of Schwann’s cell, speeding up nerve transmission VS gaps between Schwann’s cells, uninsulated portions of the axon facilitating rapid electric conduction |
| duodenum VS jejunum | first third VS middle third of small intestine |
| melanin VS melatonin ; pigment=color | dark pigment VS a hormone produced by the pineal gland and is intimately involved in regulating the sleeping and waking cycles, among other processes. Some people who have chronic insomnia use this supplements. |
| peristalsis VS ileus | muscular contractions of GI tract VS a temporary and often painful lack of movement in the intestines. |
| pylorus; function of pyloric sphincter | the opening from the stomach into the duodenum (small intestine); 1. prevents the passage of food particle to small intestine (duodenum) until proper mixture with gastric juice 2. prevents the chyme backflow from intestine to stomach |
| nuchal e.g. nuchal rigidity | nape ; stiff neck |
| ischium (plural: ischia) | The lower, posterior portion of the innominate or hip bone. It is a separate bone at birth; it begins to fuse with the pubis by age 8; and it is fully fused with the pubis and ilium by 16 to 18 years of age. |
| aldosterone = major mineralocorticoid produced by adrenal/suprarenal cortex | regulates blood volume&BP and electrolyte concentration. regulates the concentration of mineral salts (electrolytes), acts on the kidney to reabsorb sodium (an important electrolyte) and water and to excrete potassium (another major electrolyte) |
| cortisol / hydrocortisone = one of glucocorticoids / steroid hormones produced by adrenal/suprarenal cortex | helps regulate glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. It raises blood glucose as part of a response to stress |
| cortisone = one of glucocorticoids / steroid hormones produced by adrenal/suprarenal cortex | 1. very similar to cortisol and can be prepared synthetically 2. useful in treating inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. |
| gonadocorticoids / sex hormones = secreted in small amounts, produced by adrenal/suprarenal cortex | Androgens(testosterone)&estrogens influence 2nddary sex characteristics (pubic&axillary hair in boys&girls. The masculinizing effects of adrenal androgens (such as increased body hair) may appear when levels of ovarian estrogen decrease after menopause |
| epinephrine / adrenaline VS norepinephrine/noradrenaline | one of catecholamine / symphathomimeric agents produced by adrenal/suprarenal medulla. 1. increases heart rate & BP 2. dilates bronchial tube 3. releases glucose (sugar) from glycogen (storage substance) VS constricts blood vessels to raise BP |
| ghrelin/hunger hormone, produced and released mainly by the stomach with small amounts also released by the small intestine, pancreas and brain | 1.stimulates appetite, increases food intake&promotes fat storage 2.stimulates the release of GH,which, unlike it itself, breaks down fat tissue causin the build-up of muscle 3.has protective effects on cardiovascular system,plays a role in the control of |
| olecranal VS antecubital | back of elbow VS front of elbow |
| Mitochondria | the powerhouse of the cell, produces a cell’s ATP during the process of cellular respiration in which sugars and fats are broken down and energy is released in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| Ribosomes | proteins are synthesized in this cell organelle |
| CN X: vagus | Sensory: sensations from visceral/internal organs in the thoracic&abdominal cavities Motor: parasympathetic motor regulation of visceral organs;contains motor fibers to the larynx (voice box)&pharynx& to glands producing digestive juices&other secretions |
| posteroanterior | from back to front |
| pulse oximeter, or Pulse Ox | an electronic device that measures the saturation of oxygen carried in your red blood cells. |
| hypercapnia / hypercarbia | excessive CO2, CO2 retention |
| embolus | a blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object which has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel and cause an embolism |
| thrombus | a blood clot that forms in a vein |
| thrombosis | abnormal condition of blood clots |
| syncope | fainting |
| TIA VS CVA | TIA (transient ischemic attack) does not last long – usually less than hour |
| subarachnoid hemorrhage | bleeding between the pia meter and arachnoid layers |
| aphasia VS aphagia | a partial or total loss of language skills due to brain damage VS condition of difficulty in deglutition/swallowing |
| Hashimoto’s disease VS Graves’ disease | the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States VS the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States |
| Cushing’s VS Addison’s diseases | excessive levels of cortisol VS low levels of cortisol and aldosterone |
| renal calculi | nephrolithiasis, stones in the kidney |
| hematuria VS uremia | blood in the urine VS urine in the blood |
| Cystoscope | an instrument used for visual exam of the bladder |
| oliguria | Urine output below normal |
| function of epididymis | carries sperm from the testes to the ductus deferens and bring the sperm to maturity |
| clinical abortion | dilation and curettage (D&C) |
| dysentery | infectious and bloody diarrhea |
| function of spleen | 1. acts as a filter for blood as part of the immune system 2. recycles old RBC 3. stores platelets and WBC 4. fights certain kinds of bacteria that cause pneumonia&meningitis |
| function of mesentery | helps in storing fat and allowing blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to supply the intestines |
| ulcerative colitis/UC/colitis ulcerosa | a chronic, inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation in the digestive tract |
| kyphosis VS lordosis | abnormal condition of hump at the thoracic spine VS swayback/ a curving inward of the lower back |
| function of bursa | 1. reduces friction in joint movement 2. cushions adjacent bone structures |
| vitiligo/leukoderma | a disease that causes the loss of skin color in blotches when pigment-producing cells die or stop functioning. |
| function of sebaceous glands | secrete the oily, waxy substance called sebum which waterproofs and lubricates the skin and hair |
| function of liver | 1. filters the blood coming from the digestive tract, before passing it to the rest of the body 2. detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs by secreting bile that ends up back in the intestines |
| function of the iris and pupil | controls the amount of light that gets into the eye |
| function of Tympanic membrane / eardrum | receives sound vibrations from the outer air and transmits them to the auditory ossicles (tiny bones in the tympanic (middle-ear) cavity) |
| organs in RUQ | liver, gallbladder, duodenum, right adrenal gland |
| organs in hypogastric region | ileum, bladder (if enlarged), uterus (if enlarged) |
| thoracic cavities | pleural cavities and mediastinum (pericardial cavity) |
| petechiae/petechia VS purpura VS erythroderm | little dots, blood patches under the skin VS bigger dots VS much bigger dots |
| two main forms of COPD | 1. Chronic bronchitis = a long-term cough with mucus 2. Emphysema = damage to the lungs over time |
| Two types of cell death | 1. apoptosis = natural cell death 2. necrosis = unnatural cell death |
| infarction VS ischemia | cell death VS lack of oxygen causes malfunction |
| the gluteus maximus | The largest muscle in the body located at the back of the hip |
| The sartorius | the longest muscle in the human body running down the length of the thigh in the anterior compartment |
| function of the axillary nodes | perform the vital function of filtration and conduction of lymph from the upper limbs, pectoral region, and upper back. |
| function of epiglottis | closes over airways to prevent aspiration of liquids and solids |
| function of tonsils (palatine, pharyngeal, lingual) | 1. act as filters for air moving through passageways to protect against bacterial invasion 2. aid in the formation of WBC |
| Astigmatism | A common imperfection in the eye's curvature when the cornea or lens has an irregular shape causing blurry vision, distorted vision (things look wavy or “off”), discomfort with reading, on a computer or in print, and eye strain or headaches. |
| myringitis | inflammation of both eardrums |
| an otolaryngologist / an ENT | an ear, nose, and throat doctor |
| malleus, incus, and stapes. | The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the ossicles, in order from the eardrum to the inner ear (from superficial to deep): M I S |
| CN XII : The hypoglossal nerve | enervates the muscles of the tongue. |
| vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) —> hydronephrosis | backflow of urine —> excess fluid in a kidney |
| A biopsy | a sample of tissue taken from the body in order to examine it more closely |
| A dermatologist VS a dermatopathologist | 1. A dermatologist = a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing skin conditions through physical examinations, 2. A dermatopathologist = a physician, who diagnoses conditions by studying skin samples. |
| a cat scratch fever / lymphoreticulosis | an infection of the lymph nodes following a scratch or bite from a cat caused by Bartonella henselae bacteria |
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stevanoz
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