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Micro-Unit 2 Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sum of all chemical reactions in an organism | metabolism |
| metabolism--breaking down; break down of complex organic compounds into simpler ones | catabolism |
| metabolism--building up; building up of complex organic molecules from simple ones; building ATP | anabolism |
| Three Major Metabolic Pathways | 1. Cellular Respiration 2. Photosynthesis 3. Fermentation |
| energy currency for all living things | ATP – Adenosine Tri-Phosphate |
| enzymes transfer a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP | substrate-level phosphorylation |
| enzymes oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing hydrogen ion which is used to make ATP | oxidative phosphorylation |
| the use of light energy and hydrogen ions from the breakdown of water to make ATP | photophosphorylation |
| C6H12O6 + O2 ---> CO2 + H20 + ATP | cellular respiration |
| 3 parts of cellular respiration | Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain |
| light + CO2 + H2O ---> C6H12O6 + O2 + ATP | photosynthesis |
| 3 parts of photosynthesis | photophosporylation, calvin cycle, dark cycle/ cellular respiration |
| fuel source + enzymes ---> metabolic waste (organic acids or organic alcohols) + or - CO2 + ATP | fermentation |
| all 3 metabolic pathways are biologically aerobic--which one is the only chemically aerobic? | cellular respiration |
| adding O2 to break something down | combustion |
| metabolism categories | chemoheterotroph, chemoautotroph, photoautotroph, photoheterotroph |
| uses sunlight and CO2; plants | photoautotrophs |
| uses chemicals and CO2; sulfur-based | chemoautotrophs |
| uses sunlight and organic compounds; carnivorous plants | photoheterotrophs |
| uses chemicals and organic compounds; humans/animals, bacteria | chemoheterotrophs |
| bacteria: growth = ? | cell division |
| prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells | binary fission |
| time it takes for the entire population to double | generation time |
| ***bacteria: standard growth curve steps | ***1) Lag phase/acclimation phase (introduced to env. not growing). 2) Log phase (growing at the rate of generation time for the bacteria). 3) Stationary phase (New cell division→ Cell death). 4) Death phase. |
| physical requirements for bacterial growth | temp, pH, osmotic pressure |
| temp: minimum, optimum, and maximum temp requirements are also known as? | cardinal temperatures |
| cold loving bacteria; 5℃ - 20℃ | psychrophile |
| moderate/warm loving bacteria; 20℃ - 45℃; 2 common optimal temps: 25℃/Room temperature, 37℃/Body temperature | mesophile |
| hot loving bacteria; 45℃ - 55℃ | thermophile |
| most bacteria like a pH range near? | neutral 6.5-7.5 |
| bacteria that grows below pH 4; give an example | acidophile; H. pylori |
| osmotic pressure; mainly driven by ____ ____ | salt concentration |
| an organism that requires a high salt concentration for growth; salt-loving | halophile |
| chemical requirements for bacterial growth | carbon source; N,H,P,S; O2; growth factor, vitamins/minerals & other trace elements |
| bacteria that need O2 to grow | strict aerobe |
| bacteria that require a total absence of O2 | strict anaerobes |
| bacteria that can grow in the presence of O2 or the absence of O2 and do NOT use O2 for growth | aerotolerant anaerobe |
| bacteria that grow better in the presence of O2 than no O2; looks like a lightning bolt in test tube | facultative anaerobes |
| bacteria that require small amounts of O2 for growth and are killed by "regular" amounts of O2; "mud bacteria" | microaerophiles |
| direct method of measuring bacterial growth | cytometry (cell counting) |
| indirect methods for measuring bacterial growth | turbidity (cloudiness), spectrophotometry, quantitative plate count |
| why control microbial growth? | prevent: food spoilage, food borne illness, and infections/illness |
| microbial contamination | sepsis |
| without contamination | asepsis/aseptic |
| techniques used to minimize contamination | aseptic techniques |
| sterilization; industrial sterilization→ to kill clostridium endospores | complete asepsis |
| controlling microbes on a non-living surface (fomite) | disinfectant |
| controlling microbial growth on a living surface | antiseptic |
| stopping growth | ___static |
| killing the microbe | ___cidal |
| factors that affect the rate of microbial control | # of microbes present, environmental factors (temp, type of environment), time of exposure, microbe characteristics |
| actions to control microbial growth | cell wall, protein synthesis, nucleic acid; change permeability of plasma membrane (osmotic pressure), disrupt protein synthesis, disrupt nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) synthesis |
| microbial growth controls: physical mechanisms | temp, pressure, radiation, desiccation, filtration |
| temp microbial growth control: cold | usually static (stop growing); not cidal (won't kill them) |
| temp microbial growth control: heat | dry heat (baking, incineration/burning), moist heat (steam) |
| pressure microbial growth control: high pressure | autoclave (high pressure and steam); 121C + 15psi |
| microbial growth control: osmotic pressure | salt |
| radiation microbial growth control | UV (thymidine dimer), ionizing (xrays and gamma rays) |
| desiccation microbial growth control | drying |
| filtration microbial growth control | using liquid when you don't want to use heat |
| microbial growth controls: chemical mechanisms | alcohols, halogens, heavy metals, aldehydes, gas sterilization, superoxide |
| microbial growth controls: alcohol...destroys what? examples of alcohols? | destroy lipids; ethanol, methanol, isopropanol (30-70% concentration); phenol |
| microbial growth controls: halogens (halide salts) | chlorine (bleach), fluorine (dental care, water treatment), bromine (pools), iodine (universal antiseptic) |
| microbial growth controls: heavy metals | conductivity; silver, gold, copper, zinc, lead, mercury; oligodynamic reaction |
| the ability of small amounts of a heavy metal compound to exert antimicrobial activity | oligodynamic reaction |
| microbial growth controls: aldehydes | inactivate microbial proteins |
| microbial growth controls: gas sterilization | ethylene oxide (large items; items you cannot get wet) |
| microbial growth controls: superoxide | peroxide; destroys microbe cell wall |
| microbial growth controls: surfactants | soaps and detergents |
| meds that kill a wide range of bacteria | broad spectrum antibiotics |
| med that targets one or a limited number of bacteria | narrow spectrum antibiotics |
| antibiotics started when? | 1920-1940s |
| ***antibiotic mode of action: changing the permeability of the plasma membrane does what? broad or narrow spectrum? examples? | ***changes cell wall and plasma membrane synthesis; broad spectrum (Penicillin, Sulfa drugs) |
| ***antibiotic mode of action: disrupting the protein synthesis does what? broad or narrow? examples? | ***targets 70-s ribosomes; narrow spectrum (mycins--Streptomycin, Erythromycin; cyclines--Tetracycline, Doxycycline) |
| ***antibiotic mode of action: disrupt nucleic acid synthesis (RNA, DNA)...broad or narrow? example? | ***narrow spectrum (Rifampicin - TB) |
| ***antibiotic mode of action: compete for essential nutrients (folic acid)...broad or narrow? example? | ***narrow spectrum (sulfonamides) |
| antifungals: broad or narrow? example? can cause what kind of issues? | broad spectrum; fluconazole/Diflucan; can cause kidney issues |
| antiprotozoals and antihelmintics: broad or narrow? examples? | narrow spectrum; quinones, quinolones, metronidazole/Flagyl |
| slow down either Biosynthesis or Assembly steps in life cycle: class of med? examples--meds and natural | antivirals; ___ovir -->Ganciclovir, Acyclovir; natural --> interferons |
| ***metabolic pathway: uses oxidative phosphorylation | ***cellular respiration |
| ***metabolic pathway: uses photophosphorylation | ***photosynthesis |
| ***metabolic pathway: chemically aerobic | ***cellular respiration |
| ***all 3 metabolic pathways | ***substrate-level phosphorylation, cyclic, make ATP, biologically aerobic |
Created by:
nurse savage
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