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Microbiology Ch. 13
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adenocarcinoma | cancer of glandular epithelial tissue |
| Antisense strand | viral RNA that can not act as mRNA |
| Bacteriophage | a virus that infects bacterial cells |
| Budding | asexual reproduction beginning as a protuberance from the parent cell that grows to become a daughter cell; 2. release of an enveloped virus through the plasma membrane of an animal cell |
| Burst size | the number of newly synthesized bacteriophages particles released from a single cell |
| Burst time | the time required from bacteriophage attachment to release |
| Capsid | the protein coat of a virus that surrounds the nucleic acid |
| Capsomere | a protein subunit of a viral capsid |
| Cell culture | eukaryotic cells grown in culture media, also called tissue culture |
| Complex virus | a virus with a complicated structure, such as a bacteriophage |
| Contact inhibition | the cessation of animal cells movement and division as a result of contact with other cells |
| Continuous cell line | animal cells that can be maintained through indefinite numbers of generations in vitro |
| Cytopathic effect (CPE) | a visible effect on a host cell caused by a virus, that may result in host cell damage or death |
| Diploid cell | a cell having two sets of chromosomes, a diploid is the normal state of eukaryotic cells |
| Diploid cell line | eukaryotic cells grown in vitro |
| Eclipse period | the time during viral multiplication when complete infective virions are not present |
| Endocytosis | the process by which material is moved into eukaryotic cells |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | a membranous network in eukaryotic cells connecting the plasma membrane with the nuclear membrane |
| Envelope | an outer covering surrounding the capsid of some viruses |
| Fusion | the merging of plasma membranes of two different cells resulting in one cell containing cytoplasm from both original cells |
| Host range | the spectrum of species, strains, or cell types that a pathogen can infect |
| Latent infection | a condition in which a pathogen remains in the host for long periods without producing disease |
| Lysis | destruction of a cell by the rupture of the plasma membrane resulting in loss of cytoplasm. 2. in disease, a gradual period of decline |
| Lysogenic cycle | stages in viral development that result in the incorporation of viral DNA in the host’s DNA |
| Lysogeny | a state in which phage DNA is incorporated into host cell without lysis |
| Lysosome | an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing bacterial cell walls |
| Lytic cycle | a mechanism of phage multiplication that results in host cell lysis |
| Ocogenic virus | a virus that is capable of producing tumors, also called oncovirus |
| Oncogene | a gene that can bring malignant transformation |
| Persistent viral infection | a disease process that occurs gradually over a long period |
| Phage conversion | genetic change in the host cell resulting from interaction by the bacteriophage |
| Plaque | a clearing in a bacterial lawn resulting from lysis by phages |
| Plaque forming units | visible viral plaques counted |
| Primary cell line | human tissue cells that grow only a few generations in vitro |
| Prion | an infectious agent consisting of a self replicating protein, with no detectable nucleic acids |
| Prophage | phage DNA inserted into host cell’s DNA |
| Provirus | viral DNA that is integrated into the host cell’s DNA |
| Reverse transcriptase | an RNA dependent DNA polymerase; an enzyme that synthesizes a complimentary DNA from an RNA template |
| Sarcoma | a cancer of fleshy, nonepithelial tissue or connective tissue |
| Sense strand (+ strand) | viral DNA that can act as mRNA |
| Specialized transduction | the process of transferring a piece of cell DNA adjacent to a prophage to another cell |
| Spike | a carbohydrate protein complex that projects from the surface of certain viruses |
| T antigen | an antigen in the nucleus of a tumor cell |
| Transformation | the process in which genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA; 2. the changing of a normal cell into a cancerous cell |
| Tumor specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) | a viral antigen on the surface of a transformed cell |
| Uncoating | the separation of viral nucleic acid from its protein coat |
| Viral species | a group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche |
| Virion | a complete fully developed viral particle |
| Viroid | infectious RNA |
| Virus | a submicroscopic parasitic filterable agent consisting of a nucleic acid and surrounded by a protein coat. |
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