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biology chapter 47
animal development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cytoplamic determinants | proteins, RNAs and other molecules affect a cells development though concentration |
| differenciation | cells are specialized |
| morphogenesis | the process by which an organism takes shape and the differentiated cells that occupy their appropriate locations |
| fast block | contact and fusion of sperm and egg membranes triggers depolarization of the membrane & vitelin |
| cortical reaction | cortical granules in the egg fuse with the plasma membrane. the secreted contents clip off the sperm binding receptors and cause the fertilization envelope to form. slow reaction |
| acrosomal reaction | hydrolytic enzymes from the acrosome make a hole in the jelly coat of the egg, growing actin filaments protude & penetrate the jelly. proteins from the acrosomal process bind to the sperm receptors of the egg |
| zona pellucida | extracellular matrix of the egg |
| cells carry out the S phase, and M, but skip g1 and g2 | cleavage |
| holoblastic cleavage | little yolk, the cleavage furrow passes all the way through the cells |
| meroblastic cleavage | incomplete division of the yolk-rich egg |
| invagination | the infolding of cells |
| archenteron | digestive cavity formed in gastrulation |
| neural crest cells | migrates to various parts of the embryo, forming peripheral nerves, parts of teeth and bones |
| somites | the condensation of cells in strips of mesoderm seperate into blocks |
| ectoderm | blue: skin, pituatary & pineal glands, tooth enamel |
| mesoderm | red: reproductive system, notocord, circulatory |
| endoderm | yellow: organs, liver, pancreas, thyroid glands, lining of respitory system |
| chorion | surrounds the embryo, functions as gas exchange |
| allantois | disposes of waste, contributes to gas exchange |
| amnion | fluid-filled cavity that surrounds the embryo |
| yolk sac | below the developing embryo, encloses the yolk |
| convergent extension | morphogenic movement in which cells of a tissue layer rearrange themselves so the sheet becomes narrorer while it becomes longer |
| cell adhesion molecules | a key group of proteins that contribute to cell migration |
| cadherins | a CAM involved in the adhesion of cells, require calcium ions outside the cell to function, and involved in the formation of the frog blastula |
| formation of the neural tube | microtubules elongate, lengthening the cell along one axis, while microfilaments orientated crosswise at one end of the cell contract making that end smaller and the whole cell wedge shaped |
| totipotent | capable of developing into all cell types of that species |
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