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Microbiology Ch. 8
Microbial Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a method of vertical gene transmission? | Cell Division |
| What required cell-to-cell contact for transmission? | Conjugation |
| The major source of the genetic diversity among microorganisms upon which natural selection operates is _________. | Mutation |
| What would be most likely to yield a recombinant cell after mating? | Hfr cell and F- cell |
| What is a nucleotide sequence that would most likely be affected by ultraviolent light? | AGTTTC |
| What would be the complementary DNA strand to CGAATCA? | GCTTAGT |
| The tryptophan operon contains genes that encode the enzymes involved in tryptophan biosynthesis. An abundance of tryptophan will "turn off" the operon. This operon is an example of ______________. | Repressible operon |
| This enzyme and it's function are mismatched. | RNA polymerase; makes DNA |
| In 1928, in his discovery of transformation, Griggith did not know that ___________. | DNA from dead encapsulated bacteria could transform living non-encapsulated bacteria into living encapsulated bacteria. |
| What polypeptide is encoded by the DNA sequence 3' TACAAAGAAATT. | met-phe-leu |
| The lac operon of E. coli is an example of a/an _________. | Inducible operon that is turned on when lactose is present |
| If base 2 is changed to T, what effect will this have on the polypeptide coded by 3' TACAAAGAAATT? | One amino acide will be changed |
| The antibiotic kasugamycin blocks binding of tRNA-Fmet. From this information, you can conclude that kasugamycin prevents __________. | Polypeptide initiation in prokaryotes |
| What is the second step of DNA replication? | An RNA primer is synthesized |
| A mutation that results in a codon change from UGU to UGA is an example of ________. | A nonsense mutation |
| What type of mutation can cause a string of altered amino acids in the resulting polypeptide? | A frameshift mutation |
| What is the 4th step of translation? | The ribosome comes apart |
| Which means of genetic transfer among bacteria involves a virus? | Transduction |
| To begin transcription, the RNA polymerase binds a region on DNA known as the ___________. | Promoter |
| Genes whose products are produced constantly are __________. | Constitutive |
| The spontaneous mutation rate for most organisms is low due to __________ by DNA polymerase during DNA replication. | Proofreading |
| Small stretches of DNA that can move within a genome are referred to as __________. | Transposons |
| The process by which normally repressed genes are "turned on" is referred to as _______. | Induction |
| The codons UAA, UAG, and UGA signal the end of a gene sequence and are known as ________ codons. | Nonsense |
| Most amino acids are encoded by several different codons. This is referred to as the ___________ of the genetic code. | Degeneracy |
| An ________ is a set of structual genes and the operator and promoter sites that control their transcription. | Operon |
| The transfer of genetic information between organisms through processes such as transduction or conjugation is called ______ gene transfer. | Horizontal |
| In DNA synthesis, the strand is synthesized continuously is the ______ _____. | Leading strand |
| Ames test | A procedure using bacteria to identify potential carcinogens |
| Anticodon | The three nucleotides by which a tRNA recognize an mRNA codon |
| Auxotroph | A mutant microorganism with a nutritional requirement that is absent in the parent |
| Ames test | a procedure using bacteria to identify potential carcinogens |
| Anticodon | the three nucleotides by which a tRNA recognizes an mRNA codon |
| Auxotroph | a mutant microorganism with a nutritional requirement that is absent in the parent |
| Bacteriocin | an antimicrobial peptide produced by bacterial that kill other bacteria |
| Bacteriophage | a virus that infects bacterial cells |
| Base pairs | the arrangement of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids based on hydrogen bonding, in DNA the base pairs are A |
| Base substitution | the replacement of a single base causing a mutation, also called point mutation |
| Carcinogen | any cancerous causing substance |
| Catabolite repression | inhibition of the metabolism of alternative carbon sources by glucose |
| Chromosome | the structure that carries hereditary information, chromosomes contain genes |
| Codon | a sequence of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that specify the insertion of an amino acid into a polypeptide |
| Competence | the physiological state in which a recipient cell can take an incorporate a large piece of donor DNA |
| Conjugation | the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another involving cell to cell contact |
| Conjugative plasmid | a prokaryotic plasmid that carriers genes for sex pili and transfer of plasmid to another cell |
| Constitutive enzyme | an enzyme that is produced continuously |
| Corepressor | a molecule that binds to a repressor protein, enabling the repressor to bind to an operator |
| Crossing over | the process by which a portion of one chromosome is exchanged with a portion of another chromosome |
| Cyclic AMP | a molecule derived from ATP in which the phosphate group has a cyclic structure, acts as a cellular messenger |
| Degeneracy | redundancy of the genetic code that is most amino acids are encoded by several codons |
| Dissimilation | a metabolic process in which nutrients are not assimilated but are excreted as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and so on |
| Dissimilation plasmid | a plasmid containing genes encoding production of enzymes that trigger the catabolism of certain unusual sugars and hydrocarbons |
| DNA | nucleotide of genetic material in all cells and some viruses |
| DNA ligase | an enzyme that covalently bonds a carbon atom of one nucleotide with the phosphate of another nucleotide |
| Donor cell | a cell that gives DNA to a recipient cell during genetic recombination |
| Enzyme induction | the process by which a substance can cause the synthesis of an enzyme |
| Exon | a region of eukaryotic chromosome that encodes a protein |
| F factor (fertility factor) | a plasmid found in the donor cell in bacterial conjugation |
| Frameshift mutation | a mutation caused by the addition or deletion of one or more bases in DNA |
| Gene | a segment of DNA (a sequence of nucleotides in DNA) encoding a functional product |
| Gene library | a collection of cloned DNA fragments created by inserting restriction enzyme fragments in a bacterium, yeast, or phage |
| Generalized transduction | the transfer of bacterial chromosome fragments from one cell to another by a bacteriophage |
| Genetic code | the mRNA codons and the amino acids they encode |
| Genetic recombination | the process of joining pieces of DNA from different sources |
| Genetics | the science of hereditary and gene function |
| Genome | one complete copy of the genetic information in a cell |
| Genomics | the study of genes and their function |
| Genotype | the genetic make up of an organism |
| Haploid cell | a eukaryotic cell or organism with one of each type of chromosome |
| Hfr cell | a bacterial cell in which the F factor has become integrated into the chromosome. Hfr stands for high frequency of recombination |
| Horizontal gene transfer | transfer of genes between two organisms in the same generation |
| Inducer | a substance initiates transcription of a gene |
| Induction | the process that turns on the transcription of a gene |
| Insertion sequence | the simplest kind of transposon |
| Intron | a region on a eukaryotic gene that does not code for a protein or mRNA |
| Lagging strand | during DNA replication the daughter strand that is synthesized discontinuously |
| Leading strand | during DNA replication, the daughter strand that is synthesized continuously |
| Light repair enzyme | an enzyme that splits thymine dimmers in the presence of visible light |
| Missense mutation | a mutation that results in the substitution of an amino acid in a protein |
| Mitosis | an eukaryotic cell replication process in which the chromosomes are duplicated, followed by division of the cytoplasm of the cell |
| mRNA | the type of RNA molecule that directs the incorporation of amino acids into proteins |
| Mutagen | an agent in the environment that brings about mutations |
| Mutation | any change in the nitrogenous base sequences of DNA |
| Mutation rate | the probability that a gene will mutate each time a cell divides |
| Negative (indirect) selection | the process of identifying mutations by selecting cells that do not grow using replica plating |
| Nonsense codon | a codon that does not encode any amino acid |
| Nonsense mutation | a base substitution in DNA that results in a nonsense codon |
| Nucleoside analog | a chemical that is structurally similar to the normal nucleosides in nucleic acids but with altered base pairing properties |
| Nucleotide excision repair | the repair of DNA involving removal of defective nucleotides and replacement with functional ones |
| Operator | the region of DNA adjacent to structural genes that controls their transcription |
| Operon | operator and promoter sites and structural genes they control |
| Phenotype | the external manifestations of an organism’s genotype, or genetic make up |
| Positive (direct) selection | a procedure for picking out mutant cells by growing them |
| Promoter | the starting site on a DNA strand for transcription of RNA by RNA polymerase |
| R-determinant | a group of genes for antibiotic resistance carried on R factors |
| Recipient cell | a cell that receives DNA from donor cell during genetic recombination |
| Replica plating | a method of inoculating a number of solid minimal culture media from an original plate to produce the same pattern of colonies on each plate |
| Replication fork | the point where DNA stands separate and new strands will be synthesized |
| Repression | the process by which a repressor protein can stop the synthesis of a protein |
| Repressor | a protein that binds to the operator site to prevent transcription |
| Resistance R factor | bacterial plasmid carrying genes that determine resistance to antibiotics |
| Resistance transfer factor | a group of genes for replication and conjugation on the R factor |
| RNA primer | a short strand of RNA used to start synthesis of the lagging strand of DNA, and to start the polymerase chain reaction |
| Semiconservative replication | the process of DNA replication in which each double stranded DNA molecule contains one original stand and one new strand |
| Sense codon | a codon that codes for amino acid |
| Specialized transduction | the process of transferring a piece of cell DNA adjacent to a prophage to another cell |
| Spontaneous mutation | a mutation that occurs without a mutagen |
| Structural gene | a gene that determines the amino acid sequence of a protein |
| Terminator | the site on a DNA stand which transcription ends |
| Topoisomerase II | enzyme that supercoils DNA thus allowing it to fit compactly in a cell |
| Transcription | the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template |
| Transduction | the transfer of DNA from one cell to another by bacteriophage |
| Transformation | 1.the process in which genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA in solution. 2. the changing of the normal cell into a cancerous cell |
| Translation | the use of mRNA as a template in the synthesis of proteins |
| Transposon | a small piece of DNA that can move from one DNA molecule to another |
| Triplex agent | a short segment of DNA that binds to a target area on a double strand DNA blocking transcription |
| tRNA | the type of RNA molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosomal site where they are incorporated into proteins |
| Vertical gene transfer | transfer of genes from an organism or cell to its offspring |
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