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Micro-Unit 1 Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| "true nucleus", larger, more complex structurally | eukaryotic |
| "before the nucleus", smaller, much simpler structurally | prokaryotic |
| bacteria shapes | bacillus (rods), coccus (spheres), spirals (vibrio, spirillum, spiral) |
| many ___ within a species; isolates from different locations; isolates from different patients; different mutations | strains |
| compare and contrast: eukaryotes and prokaryotes | both have ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplasm; different: sizes, complexity of structure, nucleus in euk and no nucleus in pro; pro--no membrane bound organelles and has moving nucleoid |
| bacteria arrangement: none | i.e.-E. coli; spirals always have no arrangement |
| bacteria arrangement: diplo (how many? occurs in what shapes?) | 2, coccus or bacillus |
| bacteria arrangement: tetrads (how many? occurs in what shape(s)?) | 4, cocci |
| bacteria arrangement: sarcinae (shape and arrangement) | 8, cocci, cubelike |
| bacteria arrangement: strepto (what shape? occurs in?) | chain/line, coccus or bacillus |
| bacteria arrangement: staphylo (shape and arrangement) | cluster, coccus |
| bacteria arrangement: palisades | stacked like books, bacillus |
| prokaryotic flagella: monotrichous | single flagellum at one pole |
| prokaryotic flagella: amphitrichous | flagella at both poles of the cell |
| prokaryotic flagella: lophotrichous | a tuft of flagella coming from one pole |
| prokaryotic flagella: peritrichous | flagella distributed over the entire cell |
| prokaryotic: bundles of fibers that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell; found only on spirochetes | axial filaments (act kind of like rotating brush on a vacuum) |
| prokaryotic extracellular appendage that allows for attachment to surfaces | fimbrae |
| prokaryotic extracellular appendage that allows for attachment to other bacteria for transfer of DNA | pili |
| protect bacteria from the immune system; can also help bacteria stick to surfaces; can either be capsule (sugar coating around individual bacteria) or biofilm/slime layer (syrup like coating around groups of bacteria) | glycocalyx |
| two major components of prokaryotic cell walls | peptidoglycans and lipids |
| prokaryotic cell with more peptidoglycans | gram +, stains purple |
| prokaryotic cell with more lipids; gets decolorized with alcohol during staining process because alcohol destroys the lipids | gram -, stains red/pink |
| the science of classifying organisms; shows degree of similarity among organisms | taxonomy |
| who made the first classification system (animal, vegetal/plant) | Aristotle |
| Linnaeus-->modern classification system | Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
| Binomial Nomenclature | use the Genus (capitalized) and species (lowercase) as the scientific name for each organism (both italicized or underlined---not for viruses though) |
| three domains | prokarya (bacteria), eukarya, archaea |
| 5 kingdoms | animal, plant, fungi, protista, monera/bacteria |
| _____ added below species; represents a species with a genetic modification; identified by a series of letters and numbers | strain |
| manual encyclopedia of microbial classification | Bergey's |
| domain prokarya--kingdom bacteria--how many phyla? how many are gram negative? gram positive? | 14 phyla, 12 gram -, 2 gram + |
| Domain Prokarya, Kingdom Bacteria, Phylum _____ (Gram -); actually blue-green algae, photosynthetic | Cyanobacteria |
| Domain Prokarya, Kingdom Bacteria, Phylum _____ (Gram -); small obligate intracellular parasites; cause Chlamydia #1 most transmitted STD in the world | Chlamydiae |
| Domain Prokarya, Kingdom Bacteria, Phylum _____ (Gram -); spiral shape; Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis) | Spirochaete |
| Domain Prokarya, Kingdom Bacteria, Phylum Firmicutes (Gram +), Genus ____ and Genus _____; produce endospores for survival | Clostridium botuli and Bacillus anthracis |
| Domain Prokarya, Kingdom Bacteria, Phylum Firmicutes (Gram +), Genus _____; Halophiles, S. aureus, MRSA, S. epidermitidis | Staphylococcus |
| Domain Prokarya, Kingdom Bacteria, Phylum Firmicutes (Gram +), Genus _____; leading probiotic Genus | Lactobacillus |
| Domain Prokarya, Kingdom Bacteria, Phylum Firmicutes (Gram +), Genus _____; S. infections, S. pyogenes (Beta hemolytic species), S. mutans | Streptococcus |
| Domain Prokarya, Kingdom Bacteria, Phylum Firmicutes (Gram +), Genus _____; tiny, intracellular; one cause of bacterial pneumonia | Mycoplasma |
| Domain Prokarya, Kingdom Bacteria, Phylum Firmicutes (Gram +), Genus _____; ***acid-fast cell wall (mycolic acid---waxy lipids); M. tuberculi, M. leprae | Mycobacterium |
| Domain Prokarya, Kingdom Bacteria, Phylum _____ (Gram +); filamentous bacteria; Genus Corynebacteria (causes diphtheria); Genus Streptomyces (produces antibiotics) | Actinobacteria |
| Domain Eukarya 4 kingdoms | Animal, Plant, Fungi, and Protista |
| What falls under Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi? | molds and yeasts |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi, _____; single-celled, reproduce by budding, Genus Sacchromyces, Genus Candida (candida infections, thrush) | yeasts |
| Terminology: Myco=_____ , Mycology=_____ , Mycelium=_____ | fungus, study of fungus, fuzzy mat of hyphae |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi, _____; fruiting body, classified by asexual/sexual reproduction (makes spores) | molds |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi, Phylum _____; sexual reproduction produces zygospores, sporangia | Zygomycota (Rhizopus) |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi, Phylum _____; conidia (naked spores) | Ascomycota (Aspergillus) |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi, Phylum _____; basidiocarp (mushroom cap), not clinically significant | Basidiomycota |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi, Phylum _____; fungus that live inside of other cells | Microsporidia |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista, Subkingdom _____; photosynthetic, water-living, not pathogenic | Algae |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista, Subkingdom Protozoa, Terminology: _____ = infectious stage, developing/maturing/moving around; _____ = resistance stage | trophozoite, cyst |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista, Phylum _____; moves by flagella | Sarco-mastigophora |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista, Phylum Sarco-mastigophora, Genus Trypanosoma | Sleeping sickness |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista, Phylum Sarco-mastigophora, Genus ____, caused by sand fly | Leishmania |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista, Phylum Sarco-mastigophora, Genus Trichomonas | Vaginitis |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista, Phylum Sarco-mastigophora, Genus Giardia; dikaryon (looks like eyes) | Giardiasis |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista, Phylum Ciliophora; movies by cilia, Balantidium coli | dysentery |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista, Phylum Sarcodina; Amoeboid moves by pseudopodia, Entamoeba histolytica | amoebic dysentery |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista, Phylum Apicomplexa (sporozoa); non-motile; Genus Toxoplasma (_____), Genus Plasmodium (____) | Toxoplasmosis, Malaria |
| having both male and female reproductive organs in the same organism | Monoecious |
| having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals | Dioecious |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animal, Phylum Platyhelminth, Genus Trematoda | flukes; flat worms; short, flat (flukes are in all animals; hangs out in the liver) |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animal, Genus Cestoda | tape worms; long, flat |
| parts of tape worms (Genus Cestoda): head is called _____, body pieces are called ____ | head=scolex; body pieces=proglottids |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animal, Phylum Nematoda | round worms; ex: ascaris, hookworm, pinworm, heartworm |
| domain? prokaryotes but lack peptidoglycans; 2 Phyla-thermophiles, all others; no human pathogens | Domain Archaea |
| what microbes fall under Domain Archaea? | extremophiles (thermophiles, methanogens, halophiles) |
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animal; other group besides helminths | Arthropod Vectors |
| 2 components of viruses | nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), capsid (protective protein coat) |
| capsid are made of subunits called? | capsomeres |
| 3 types of capsid | helical (coats entire spiral), polyhedral (multi-sided), complex (combo of both) |
| viruses: living or non-living? | non-living; acellular entities |
| other possible components of viruses? | envelopes and spikes |
| envelope of virus: made of ____ and ____? purpose? | sugar and lipids; protects capsid |
| sugar outgrowths on some envelopes; for attachment | spikes |
| virus that infects and replicates within a bacterium | bacteriophage |
| virus or disease that can be transmitted to humans from animals (i.e.-rabies-->animal-->human) | zoonoses |
| Lytic life cycle of virus? | attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, assembly, release |
| Lytic and Lysogenic life cycle of virus: virus to host cell | attachment |
| Lytic life cycle of virus: getting viral nucleic acid into host cell; if whole virus went into cell, capsid is removed--'uncoating' | penetration |
| Lytic and Lysogenic life cycle of virus: host cell reads virus genetic info and starts replicating pieces of DNA or RNA | biosynthesis |
| Lytic and Lysogenic life cycle of virus: putting all the pieces together | assembly |
| Lytic life cycle of virus: host cell lyses, viruses are released; causes outbreaks | release |
| Lysogenic life cycle of virus? | attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, assembly, cell division |
| Lysogenic life cycle of virus: similar to lytic but virus nucleic acid fuses to the host cell nucleic acid | penetration |
| Lysogenic life cycle of virus: viral DNA/RNA controls the cell (oncogenic) | cell division |
| enveloped or naked? measles, mumps, rubella, rabies, HepB, HepC, influenza, HIV, ebola | enveloped |
| enveloped or naked? Rotavirus, Rhinovirus, HPV, HepA | naked |
| are among the smallest infectious pathogens known; no protein coats; only attack plants | viroids |
| are the only known infectious agents that do not contain DNA or RNA; abnormal protein; diseases such as Mad Cow disease, Bovine spongiform encephalitis, Creutzfeldt- Jakob (human form), Scrapies, Kuru | prions |
| 3 modifications made to Linnaeus Classification System | expanded number of kingdoms from 2 to 5, domain added above kingdom (supposed to be r/t cell type), strain added below species (species with a genetic modification) |
| arthropod vector: flea--causes what? | plague |
| arthropod vector: flies--causes what? | leishmania (sand fly), sleeping sickness (tse-tse fly) |
| arthropod vector: ticks--causes what? | Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (wood tick), Lyme disease (deer tick) |
| arthropod vector: mosquito--causes what? | West Nile virus, Malaria, Zika, Bird flu |
| arthropod vector: kissing bug--causes what? | Chagas Disease |
| the 5 subphylum of proteobacteria? | alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon |
| gram-; these bacteria are mostly agricultural (nitrogen fixers, decomposers); clinically significant ones are: Rickettsia (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever), Bartonella (Cat Scratch Fever) | alpha proteobacteria |
| gram-; Bordetella (pertussis – Whooping Cough), Neisseria (gonorrhea, meningitis) | beta proteobacteria |
| gram-; Pseudomonadales, Legionales, Enterobacteria, Klebsiella, Yersinia | gamma proteobacteria |
| gram- bacteria that prey on other bacteria, important to the sulfur cycle | delta proteobacteria |
| gram-; Helicobacter pylori (ulcers) | epsilon proteobacteria |
Created by:
nurse savage
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