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Unit 2
Earth's Water
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polarity | a property of a system in which two points have opposite charges |
| Cohesion | the property that holds molecules of the same substance together |
| Adhesion | the property that holds molecules of different substances together |
| Specific heat | the amount of energy needed to heat a substance by a particular amount |
| Solvent | substance into which other substances dissolve |
| Water cycle | the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, the land, the oceans, and living things |
| Sublimation | a change of state from solid directly to gas |
| Deposition | a change of state from a gas directly to solid |
| Freezing | a change of state from liquid to solid |
| Melting | a change of state from solid to liquid |
| Evaporation | a change of state from liquid to gas |
| Condensation | a change of state from gas to liquid |
| Transpiration | the release of water into the atmosphere from the leaves of plants |
| Precipitation | any form of water that falls to Earth from clouds |
| Runoff | surface water that flows downhill towards oceans, lakes, and marshlands. |
| Infiltration | process of water seeping into the ground |
| Surface water | water above Earth’s surface |
| Groundwater | water found in the spaces between rock particles below Earth’s surface |
| Water table | the upper boundary of groundwater |
| Channel | the path that a stream follows |
| Tributary | a smaller stream that feeds into a river and eventually into a river system |
| Watershed | the area of land that is drained by a river system |
| Divide | an area of higher ground that separates one watershed from another |
| Gradient | a measure of the change in elevation over a certain distance; the steepness of the land |
| Flow | the amount of water that moves through a river channel in a given amount of time. |
| Stream load | materials carried by a stream |
| Aquifer | a body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows it to flow |
| Pores | open spaces between particles of rock or sediment |
| Porosity | the percentage of the rock that is composed of pore space |
| Permeability | a measure of how easily water can flow through an aquifer |
| Recharge | the process of surface water trickling through the ground and entering an aquifer |
| Recharge zone | the area in which surface water enters an aquifer |
| Discharge | the process of water leaving an aquifer to become surface water |
| Discharge zone | an area in which water leaves an aquifer |
| Ocean current | stream-like movements of water within the ocean |
| Surface current | ocean currents caused by wind that occur at or near the surface of the ocean |
| Continental deflections | the change in the direction of surface currents as a result of coast of a land mass |
| Coriolis effect | the deflection of moving objects from a straight path due to the Earth’s rotation |
| Deep current | movements of ocean water far below the surface |
| Density | the amount of matter in a given space or volume |
| Salinity | a measure of the amount of dissolved salt in water |
| Convection current | a movement of water that results from density differences |
| Upwelling | the movement of deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to the surface |
| Urbanization | the growth of towns and cities that results from the movement of people from rural areas into the urban areas |
| Permafrost | soil (and groundwater) that remains completely frozen for long periods of time at (least two years straight) |
| Water quality | a measure of how clean or polluted water is |
| Water supply | the availability of water |
| Water supply system | carries water from groundwater or surface waters so people can use it |
| Water pollution | the addition of waste or other material to water so that it is harmful to organisms that use it or live in it. |
| Point-source pollution | pollution that comes from one specific site |
| Nonpoint-source pollution | pollution that comes from many small sources and is more difficult to control |
| Thermal pollution | any heating of natural water that results from human activity |
| Chemical pollution | the result of harmful chemicals being added to water supplies |
| Acid rain | a form of chemical pollution that results when harmful chemicals produced by the burning of fossil fuels mix with water in the air |
| Biological pollution | pollution that results when live or dead organisms are added to water supplies |
| Wastewater | any water that has been used by people in a way that may have contaminated it with harmful chemicals or microorganisms |
| Eutrophication | an increase in the amount of nutrients in water |
| Artificial eutrophication | the result of human activity increasing nutrient levels in water |
| Flocculation | the process of removing particles and harmful microbes from water by adding chemicals that make them stick together and drop out of the water |
| Potable | water that is suitable to drink |
| Reservoir | a body of water that usually forms behind a dam |
| Subside | the collapse of soil in an aquifer that has dried up |
| Saltwater intrusion | the seeping of saltwater into an aquifer after overuse of groundwater |
Created by:
CSchveder74
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