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Social Psychology
Vocabulary for Theme 9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social Psychology | Seeks to explain how our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors are influenced by interactions with others. |
| Social Cognition | Focuses on how we perceive, store, and retrieve information about social interactions. |
| Physical Proximity | The distance of one person to another person. |
| Stimulation Value | The ability of a person to interest you in or to expose you to new ideas and experiences. |
| Utility Value | The ability of a person to help another achieve his or her goals. |
| Ego-Support Value | The ability of a person to provide another person with sympathy, encouragement, and approval. |
| Complementarity | The attraction that often develops between opposite types of people because of the ability of one to supply what the other lacks. |
| Primacy Effect | The tendency to form opinions on other based on first impressions. |
| Stereotype | A set of assumptions about people in a given category often based on half-truths and nontruths. |
| Attribution Theory | A collection of principles based on our explanations of the causes of events, other people's behaviors, and our own behaviors. |
| Actor-Observer Bias | Tendency to attribute one's own behavior to outside causes but attribute the behavior of other to internal causes. |
| Self-Serving Bias | A tendency to claim success is due to our efforts, while failure is due to circumstances beyond our control. |
| Nonverbal Communication | The process through which messages are conveyed using space, body language, and facial expression. |
| Generational Identity | The theory that people of different ages tend to think differently about certain issues because of different formative experiences. |
| Group | A collection of people who have shared goals, a degree of interdependence, and some amount of communication. |
| Task Functions | Activities directed toward getting a job done. |
| Social Functions | Responses directed toward satisfying the emotional needs of members. |
| Norms | Shared standards of behavior accepted by and expected from group members. |
| Ideology | The set of principles, attitudes, and defined objectives for which a group stands. |
| Social Facilitation | An increase in performance in front of a crowd. |
| Social Inhibition | A decrease in performance in front of a crowd. |
| Group Polarization | Theory that group discussion reinforces the majority's point of view and shifts group members' opinions to a more extreme position. |
| Groupthink | Poor group decision making that occurs as a result of a group emphasizing unity over critical thinking. |
| Sociogram | A diagram that represents relationships within a group, especially likes and dislikes of members for other members. |
| Conformity | Acting in accord with group norms or customs. |
| Obedience | A change in attitude or behavior brought about by social pressure to comply with people perceived to be authorities. |
| Aggression | Behavior intended to do physical or psychological harm to others. |
| Catharsis | Releasing anger or aggression by letting out powerful negative emotions. |
| Altruism | Helping others, often at a cost or risk, for reasons other than rewards. |
| Diffusion of Responsibility | The presence of others lessens an individual's feelings of responsibility for his or her actions or failure to act. |
| Bystander Effect | An individual does not take action because of the presence of others. |
| Social Loafing | The tendency to work less hard when sharing the workload with others. |
| Deindividuation | Individuals behave irrationally when there is less chance of being personally identified. |
| Attitude | Predisposition to act, think, and feel in particular ways toward a class of people, objects, or an idea. |
| Self-Concept | How we see or describe ourselves; our total perception of ourselves. |
| Compliance | A change of behavior to avoid discomfort or rejection and to gain approval. |
| Identification | Seeing oneself as similar to another person or group and accepting the attitudes of another person or group as one's own. |
| Internalization | Incorporating the values, ideas, and standards of others as a part of oneself. |
| Cognitive Dissonance | The uncomfortable feeling when a person experiences contradictory or conflicting thoughts, attitudes, beliefs, or feelings. |
| Counterattitudinal Behavior | The process of taking a public position that contradicts one's private attitude. |
| Self-Justification | The need to rationalize one's attitude and behavior. |
| Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | A belief, prediction, or expectation that operates to bring about its own fulfillment. |
| Prejudice | Preconceived attitudes toward a person or group that have been formed without sufficient evidence and are not easily changed. |
| Discrimination | The unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their race, ethnic group, age, gender, or membership in another category rather than on the basis of individual characteristics. |
| Persuasion | The direct attempt to influence attitudes. |
| Boomerang Effect | A change in attitude of behavior opposite of the one desired by the persuader. |
| Sleeper Effect | The delayed impact on attitude change of a persuasive communication. |
| Inoculation Effect | Developing resistance to persuasion by exposing a person to arguments that challenge his or her beliefs so that he or she can practice defending them. |
| Brainwashing | Extreme for of attitude change; uses peer pressure, physical suffering, threats, rewards, guilt, and intensive indoctrination. |
Created by:
tderue
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