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Friendly Bio. Ch 21
Vocabulary Terminology for Chapter 21 in Friendly Biology
| Question or Term | Answer or Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | The study of how living things are made. |
| Physiology | The study of how living things function. |
| Bones | Fuse together from infantry to adulthood reducing the number from 300 to 206. |
| Long bones | Are bones that make up the legs and arms. |
| Flat bones | Are bones that make up the skull and pelvis. |
| Irregularly-shaped bones | Are bones that make up the spinal column |
| Ossification | The hardening process of long bones from cartilage being replaced over time with calcium & phosphorus containing compounds. |
| Epiphyses | The ends of long bones. |
| Diaphysis | Joins two epiphyses. |
| Centers of ossification | Are the locations where ossification begins. |
| Epiphyses line or growth plate | Is the boundary where growth of the bone occurs. |
| Synovial | Joints are between the long bones and contain synovial fluid. |
| Hyline | Cartilage layer found at the end of long bones. |
| Synovial Fluid | A fluid that is produced to reduce friction between the ends of two adjoining bones that allows bones to gently slide over each other. |
| Synovial Capsule | Is the tough membranes which bridge the joint space between two bones |
| Arthritis | Is the pain and inflammation that may result over time and with age when this slippery surface becomes worn. |
| Ball and Socket joint | Is located between femur and pelvis at the hip. |
| Hinge joint | Is located at the knee & elbow and is marked by bending in one direction. |
| Osteocytes | The cells which make up bone. |
| Osteoblasts | One kind of osteocyte or bone cell responsible for the building of new bone. |
| Osteclasts | The second kind of osteocyte or bone cell responsible for taking apart or tearing down bone. |
| Protection | Of the vital organs is another function of bone. Flat Skull bones protect the brain, the irregular-shaped bones of the spine protect the spinal cord, and ribs protect lungs, heart, and upper abdominal organs. |
| Red blood cell production | Is another function of bone. It takes place in the marrow cavity of long bones. |
| Hemipoietic Tissue | Is tissue that literally means blood-making tissue. |
| Marrow cavity | Is the location of fat storage for adults as well as red blood cell production. |
| Storage site | Is another function of bone. Fat and calcium are stored there. Calcium is important for the hardness of our bones & plays a major role in our nervous system. |
| 3 muscle types are: | Smooth muscle - located in stomach, bladder, intestines, & respiratory tract Cardiac muscle - located in heart Skeletal or striated muscle - located everywhere else and enables us to move |
| Contractile protein or filaments | Are components of skeletal or striated muscle. |
| 2 types of contractile proteins are: | Actin & Myosin |
| Tendons | Are tough connective tissue that attaches muscle to bones |
| Ligaments | Are connective tissue that attaches bone to bone |
| Muscles can only actively | Contract |
| Origin | Of the muscle is the end of the muscle that is closer to the main trunk of the body. |
| Insertion | Of the muscle is the end of the muscle that is farther away from the main trunk of the body. |
| Flexion | Of a joint is the bending of the joint |
| Extension | Of the joint is the straightening of the joint |
| Adduction | Movement that comes closer to the body or inward |
| Abduction | Movement that goes away from the body or outward |
| Neurons | Are cells of the nervous system |
| Soma | Is the central nucleus containing area of a neuron |
| Single axon | Is present with multiple dendrites |
| Dendrite | Is the end of a neuron that the stimulus or action potential travels into |
| Axon | Is the end of a neuron the stimulus or action potential travels out of |
| Myocytes | Are muscles cells where the axon terminates and where neurotransmitters are released to activate muscle contraction |
| Acetylcholine (ACH) | Is the most common neurotransmitter |
| Efferent or motor neurons | Neurons that carry messages out to the muscles |
| Afferent or sensory neurons | Neurons that carry messages inward from sensory organs like the eye or skin |
| Conduction | Of a stimulus is the result of sodium & potassium being pumped in & out of the neuron and calcium mediates this process. |
| Anesthesia | Interferes with transmission of nerve impulses or neurotransmitter function which results in the desired control of pain &/or movement |
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