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Biology Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the body's ability to physiologically regulate its inner environment to ensure its stability in response to fluctuations in the outside environment? | Homeostasis |
| What is it when concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than outside of it? | Hypotonic |
| What is it when concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside it? | Hypertonic |
| What is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane, and bringing it into the cell? | Endocytosis |
| What is the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell? | Exocytosis |
| What is the process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles? | Phagocytosis |
| What is the movement of water or other solvent through a plasma membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration? | Osmosis |
| What is the passive movement of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) from a region in which they are in higher concentration to regions of lower concentration? | Diffusion |
| What is it when two solutions have the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane or equilibrium? | Isotonic |
| What is the the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane? | Pinocytosis |
| What is it called when a transport does NOT require energy? High concentration to low. | Passive Transport |
| What is it called when a transport DOES require energy? Low concentration to high. | Active Transport |
| What is it called when a cell allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive Transport but not all molecules and ions? | Selectively permeable |
| What is the process in cell division by which the nucleus divides? | Mitosis |
| What is the stage of cell division in mitosis or meiosis in which the doubled set of chromosomes separates into two identical groups that move to opposite ends of the cell? | Anaphase |
| What are the fibers of the mitotic spindle extending from the two spindle poles toward the equator? | Polar Fibers |
| What are the female reproductive cells called? | Eggs |
| What is the process of development of female gametes or ova or egg that takes place in ovaries? | Oogenesis |
| What is the division of cytoplasm called? | Cytokinesis |
| What is the type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only? | Asexual Reproduction |
| How many viable eggs are produced in meiosis? | 1 |
| How many viable sperm cells are produced during meiosis? | 4 |
| Does DNA have to replicate? | Yes |
| What is the form of cell division that creates gametes, or sex cells? | Meiosis |
| What is the phase in which DNA is copied in preparation for mitosis; cell rests while preparing for meiosis or mitosis? | Interphase |
| What pulls the chromatids apart during cell division and makes sure that each new cell has one chromatid from each pair? | Kinetochore Fibers |
| What is the male reproductive cell called? | Sperm |
| What is the production of sperm cells in the male testes called? | Spermatogenesis |
| What are somatic cells? | Body Cells |
| What is the mode of reproduction involving the fusion of an egg and a sperm to form a zygote? | Sexual Reproduction |
| What is the initial stage of mitosis and of the mitotic division of meiosis characterized by the condensation of chromosomes consisting of two chromatids, disappearance of the nucleolus and nuclear membrane, and formation of mitotic spindle? | Prophase |
| What is the final stage of mitosis and of the second division of meiosis in which the spindle disappears and the nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes? | Telophase |
| What is the central plane of the spindle in a dividing cell, to which chromosomes migrate during the metaphase of mitosis or meiosis? | Equator |
| What is the male reproductive organ called? | Testes |
| What allows matching-up of homologous pairs prior to their segregation, and possible chromosomal crossover between them? | Synapse |
| What is it called when an organism has less than the normal amount of chromosomes? | Monosomy |
| What is the exchange of genes between two chromosomes, resulting in non-identical chromatids that comprise the genetic material of gametes? | "Crossing Over" |
| What is the stage of cell division in which the duplicated chromosomes become aligned along the center of the cell, called the equatorial plate? | Metaphase |
| What is the region of the chromosome to which the spindle fiber is attached during cell division? | Centromere |
| What is the indentation of the cell's surface that occurs during telophase called? | Cleavage Furrow |
| What are the female reproductive organs? | Ovaries |
| What is the group of four haploid cells formed by meiotic division of one mother cell? | Tetrad |
| What is it called when an organism has more chromosomes that normal? | Trisomy |
| What is it called when an individual has two of the same allele, whether dominant or recessive (purebred)? | Homozygous |
| What is the set of genes in our DNA which is responsible for a particular trait? | Genotype |
| What is the process of combining an egg with a sperm called? | Fertilization |
| What are the female chromosomes? | XX |
| What is the study of heredity, or how the characteristics of living things are transmitted from one generation to the next? | Genetics |
| What is it called when an offspring results from combining the qualities of two organisms of different breeds, varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction? | Hybrid |
| Who discovered the basic principles of heredity? | Gregor Mendel |
| What is the number, size, and shape of chromosomes in an organism called? | Karyotype |
| What causes genetic problems? | Genetic disorders can be caused by a mutation in one gene (monogenic disorder), by mutations in multiple genes (multifactorial inheritance disorder), by a combination of gene mutations and environmental factors, or by damage to chromosomes. |
| What is it called when a cell, a nucleus, or an individual organism carries different or non-identical alleles for a particular trait? | Heterozygous |
| What is the set of observable characteristics of an individual? | Phenotype |
| What is it called when a flower pollinates itself? | Self pollination |
| What are the male chromosomes? | XY |
| What is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, when the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents? | Heredity |
| What is it called when an organisms homozygous for every trait? | Purebred |
| What is the probability of having a girl? | 50% |
| What is the probability of having a boy? | 50% |
| What is the probability of having twins? | 40% |
| How many chromosomes are in the human body? | 46 or 23 pairs |
| What is an allele or a gene that is expressed in an organism's phenotype, masking the effect of the recessive allele or gene when present? | Dominant |
| What is an allele or a gene that is expressed in an organism's phenotype, that is masked by the effect of the dominant allele or gene when present? | Recessive |
| What is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele? | Incomplete Dominance |
| What is it called when a plant is pollinated by another plant? | Cross Pollination |
| What is it called when both alleles are dominant? | Pure Dominant |
| What is it called when both alleles are recessive? | Pure Recessive |
| What is the genetic disorder in which an organism has an extra chromosome? | Down Syndrome |
| What is it called when all of the offspring of two parents have one dominant and one recessive allele? | Monohybrid |
| What is it called when a cell or nucleus contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent? | Diploid |
| What is it called when a cell or nucleus has a single set of unpaired chromosomes? | Haploid |
| What is a hybrid that is heterozygous for alleles of two different genes? | Dihybrid |
| What is the messenger carrying instructions from the DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins? | RNA or ribonucleic acid |
| What is the carrier of genetic information? | DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid |
| What is a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction? | Enzymes or protein |
| What is the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes | Mutation |
| What is it called when extra DNA or RNA is added to a section of genetic material? | Insertion |
| What is it called when necessary DNA or RNA is removed from a section of genetic material? | Deletion |
| What is the disorder of the blood caused by an inherited abnormal hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein within the red blood cells)? | Sickle Cell |
| What is it called when a mutation affects only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence? | Point Mutation |
| What is the enzyme that separates double-stranded DNA into single strands allowing each strand to be copied? | Helicase |
| What enzyme usually works in pairs to copy one molecule of double-stranded DNA into two new double stranded DNA molecules? | Polymerase |
| What is the shape of DNA? Looks like a twisted latter. | Double Helix |
| What is a two-carbon nitrogen ring such as adenine called? | Purine |
| What is a one-carbon nitrogen ring such as thymine called? | Pyramidine |
| Who discovered the structure of DNA? | Watson/Crick |
| What is the purine nitrogen base that pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA? | Adenine |
| What is the pyrimidine nitrogen base that pairs with guanine? | Cytosine |
| What is the pyrimidine base that pairs with adenine in DNA and is replaced by uracil in RNA? | Thymine |
| What is the purine nitrogen base that pairs with cytosine? | Guanine |
| What is the pyrimidine base that pairs with adenine in RNA and is replaced by thymine in DNA? | Uracil |
| What is it called when there are two strands of DNA or RNA that match up with each individual base's pair? | Complementary Strand |
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Chrysler9268
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