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Disease Detectives
Science Olymiad2009-2010
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cluster | an aggregation of cases over a particular period closely grouped in time and space, regardless of whether the number is more than the expected number |
| Outbreak | more cases of a particular disease than expected in a given area or among a specialized group of people over a particular period of time |
| Epidemic | large numbers of people over a wide geographical area affected |
| Pandemic | an epidemic occurring over several countries or continents and affected a large proportion of the population |
| Surveillance | The systematic and ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data. |
| Plague | A serious, potentially life-threatening infectious disease that is usually transmitted to humans by the bites of rodent fleas. |
| Epidemiological Triad | Agent/host/Enviornment |
| Ecological studies | comparisons of geographical locations |
| Cross sectional study | a survey "snapshot in time" |
| Case-control | Compare pople with and without disease to find common exposure |
| Cohort | compare people with and without exposures to see what happens to each |
| Randomized controlled trial | human experiment |
| Odds Ratio | used in case-control study, ad/bc |
| Relative Risk | used in cohort study, (a/(a+b))/(c/(c+d)) |
| Epi-Curve | histogram that shows the course of an outbreak by plotting the number of cases of a condition according to the time of onset. |
| Point Source | exposed to the same exposure over a limited, well define period of time. The shape of the curve commonly rises rapidly and contains a definite peak, followed by a gradual decline. |
| Continuous common source | exposure to the source is prolonged over an extended period of time and may occur over more than one incubation period. |
| Propagated (progressive source) | case of disease serves later as a source of infection for subsequent cases and those subsequent cases, in turn, serve as sources for later cases. The shape of this curve usually contains a series of successively larger peaks, |
| Chain of infection | Agent-reservoir-portal of exit-mode of transmission-portal of entry-susceptible host |
| Agent | A microbial organism with the ability to cause disease |
| Reservoir | A place where agents can thrive and reproduce |
| Portal of Exit | A place of exit providing a way for an agent to leave the reservoir |
| Mode of Transmission | Method of transfer by which the organism moves or is carried from one place to another. |
| Portal of Entry | An opening allowing the microorganism to enter the host. |
| Susceptible Host | A person who cannot resist a microorganism invading the body, multiplying, and resulting in infection. |
| Characteristics of Agents | Infectivity,Pathogenicity, Virulence |
| Infectivity | capacity to cause infection in a susceptible host |
| Virulence | severity of disease that the agent causes to host |
| Pathogenicity | capacity to cause disease in a host |
| Direct transmission | immediate transfer of agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread. kissing, inhalation, Sexual contact |
| Indirect transmission | agent is carried from reservoir to a susceptible host by suspended air particles, vectors, or vehicles |
| Vector | animate intermediary- misquitos, fleas, flies |
| Formite/vehicles | inanimate intermediary-comb, doorknob |
| Mechanical transmission | no multiplication or change of the agent within the vector |
| Biological transmission | when the agent undergoes changes within the vector, and the vector serves as both an intermediate host and a mode of transmission |
| Prevention | Primary-avoid initial exposure to prevent process form starting Secondary-when disease has just begun-screening and instituting treatment-to prevent progression Tertiary-during symptomatic stage-arrest, slow, or reverse the progression of disease |
| 1 | Prepare for Field Work |
| 2 | Establish the Existence of an Outbreak |
| 3 | Verify the Diagnosis |
| 4 | Define and Identify Cases |
| 5 | Describe and Orient the Data in Terms of Person, Place, and Time |
| 6 | Develop Hypotheses |
| 7 | Evaluate Hypotheses |
| 8 | Refine Hypotheses and Carry Out Additional Studies |
| 9 | Implement Control and Prevention Measures |
| 10 | Communicate Findings |
| epidemiology | the study of incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population |
| Incidence | the number of new cases arising in a given period of time in a specified group of people (population). |
| Incidence Rate | All cases/total population |
Created by:
ironchef48
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