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Biology
Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Genotype | genetic constitution of an individualism organism |
| Phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment |
| Dominant Traits | a trait that is expressed when an organism has one recessive allele that form a gene |
| Recessive Traits | a trait that is expressed when an organism has two recessive alleles that form a gene |
| Gamete | a mature haploid male or female gene cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote |
| Nitrogenous Pairs | base pairs occur when... make hydrogen bonds with each other. Each base has a specific partner: guanine |
| Translation | The ribosome binds to mRNA at a specific area. The ribosome starts matching tRNA anticodon sequences to the mRNA codon sequence. Each time a new tRNA comes into the ribosome, the amino acid that it was carrying gets added to the elongating polypeptide cha |
| Transcription | initiation is the first step. Step 2- Elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand. Step 3: Termination. Termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene |
| Making Transgenic Organism | are organisms that that have undergone heritable genetic changes by transformation with foriegn DNA. |
| Genetic Engineering | the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. |
| Anatomical Homology | is one of the most basic building for proving that evolution happened. Darwin saw that the bone structures of some animals look very similar to the structures of other animals |
| Convergent Evolution | is the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. |
| Stabilizing Selection | is a type of natural selection in which the population mean stabilizes on a particular non-extreme trait value. |
| Directional Selection | is a mode of natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype. |
| Disruptive Selection | will cause organsisms with intermediate traits to reproduce less, and will allow those organisms with extreme traits to reproduce more. This causes the alleles for the extreme traits to increase in frequency. |
| Artificial Selection | is the intentional reproduction of individuals in a population that have desirable traits. In organisms that reproduce sexually, two adults that possess a desired trait — such as two parent plants that are tall — are bred together. |
| Natural Selection | the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution. |
| Theory of Evolution | developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and |
| Main Blood Vessels of the Heart | Superior Vena Cava. Inferior Vena Cava. Pulmonary Vein. Pulmonary Artery. Aorta. |
| Blood Pressure | the pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls. |
| Components of Blood | plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood has many different functions, including: transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues. forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss. |
| Blood Functions | transport, protection and regulation. Blood transports the following substances: Gases, namely oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), between the lungs and rest of the body. Nutrients from the digestive tract and storage sites to the rest of the body. |
| What Causes The Sounds of The Heart | and is caused by turbulence caused by the closure of mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of systole. The second sound,” dub” or S2, is caused by the closure of aortic and pulmonic valves, marking the end of systole. |
| Path of Blood Flow | enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid |
| Muscle Cell Types | cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. |
| How do Cardiac Muscles Work Together | Cardiac muscle tissue is made up of many interlocking cardiac muscle cells, or fibers, that give the tissue its properties. ... While each cell is not very strong by itself, millions of cardiac muscle cells working together are easily able to pump all of |
| What Causes Muscle Mass to Increases and Decreases | The term sarcopenia refers to the loss of muscle mass that occurs with ageing. ... Many chronic diseases, in addition to ageing, could also accelerate decrease of muscle mass and strength, and this effect could be a main underlying mechanism by which chro |
| Each Type of Muscle | Ectomorph. Endomorph. Mesomorph. |
| Ectomorph | is a typical skinny guy. Ecto's have a light build with small joints and lean muscle. |
| Endomorph | body types stores more fat than average, gets tired easily and has a larger appetite, thus making it difficult to lose weight. Their build is wider than an ectomorph or mesomorph, with a larger bone structure, more strength, and accompanied by significant |
| Mesomorph | They have medium bones, solid torso, low fat levels, wide shoulders with a narrow waist. Mesomorphs are predisposed to build muscle but not store fat. |
| How Do All the Systems Work With the Skeletal System | is made up of cartilage and calcified bone that work together. ... The calcified bones of your skeleton also work with the circulatory system. Marrow inside of your bones helps produce the cells inside of you blood |
| Ligaments | a short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. |
| Tendons | a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone. |
| Different Functions of the Skeletal System | consists of 206 bones, as well as a network of tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connects them. The skeletal system performs vital functions — support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation — that enable |
| Role of Bones | support the body structurally, protect our vital organs, and allow us to move. Also, they provide an environment for bone marrow, where the blood cells are created, and they act as a storage area for minerals, particularly calcium. |
| Hyaline Cartilage | a translucent bluish-white type of cartilage present in the joints, the respiratory tract, and the immature skeleton. |
| Fibrocartilage | is the tough, very strong tissue found predominantly in the intervertebral disks and at the insertions of ligaments and tendons; it is similar to other fibrous tissues but contains cartilage ground substance and chondrocytes |
| Elastic Cartilage | yellow cartilage is a type of cartilage present in the outer ear, Eustachian tube and epiglottis. It contains elastic fiber networks and collagen type II fibers. The principal protein is elastin. |
| Cells that Make up the Skeletal System | three types of specialized cells in human bones: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. These cells are responsible for bone growth and mineral homeostasis. Osteoblasts make new bone cells and secrete collagen that mineralizes to become bone matrix. |
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madison72981
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