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Patho -Digestive
Digestive System Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Peptic Ulcers occur in the duodenum and ________. | Stomach |
| Complications of Peptic Ulcers | Hemorrhage, Perforation, and Obstruction |
| What is Heliofactor pylori? | A bacteria that can cause an infection which increases the risk of developing peptic ulcers. |
| What is one difference between an ulcer and a carcinoma in the stomach lining? | Ulcers have a regular border, where carcinomas have an irregular border. |
| Heliofactor pylori infection, impaired mucosal blood flow due to stress and smoking, NSAID use are all predisposing factors for what digestive disorder? | Peptic ulcers |
| Gastric cancer in early stages may be _________. | Asymptomatic |
| Typically what is the prognosis of late stage gastric cancer? | Poor |
| Risk factors for Gastric cancer | Dietary intake of nitrites, nitrates, and smoked foods, Family history, Heliofactor pylori infection, Chronic gastritis or polyps |
| What are gallstones? | Hard deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile duct |
| What are the components of bile? | Cholesterol and Bilirubin |
| Which type of gallstones can obstruct the flow of bile and/or cause cholecystitis? | Large |
| Predisposing factors for gallstones | Gender, high cholesterol intake, obesity, and oral contraceptives |
| Jaundice results from ________________. | Hyperbilirubinemia |
| What would yellowing of the skin and/or eyes be an indicator of? | Jaundice |
| Hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver |
| Introhepatic Jaundice | Form of jaundice that can be caused by Hepatitis and is associated with increased levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood. |
| Hepatitis may cause __________ and ____________. | Liver damage and cirrhosis |
| Hepatotoxins | Drugs that cause damage to the liver |
| Carrier | Someone who has a disease, but shows no symptoms |
| What are characteristics of cirrhosis of the liver? | Progressive fibrosis and destruction of liver tissue |
| What are the 4 general categories of cirrhosis of the liver? | Alcoholic liver disease, Bilary cirrhosis, Postnecrotic cirrhosis, and Metabolic cirrhosis |
| What is the most common cause of liver cirrhosis? | Alcoholic liver disease |
| What is the cause of Alcoholic liver disease? | Chronic alcohol consumption |
| What can cause Bilary cirrhosis? | Immune disorders and bile duct obstructions |
| Chronic hepatitis or exposure to hepatotoxins can cause __________ ___________. | Postnecrotic cirrhosis |
| What can cause Metabolic cirrhosis? | Storage disorders |
| Hemochromatosis | Iron storage disorder that causes a build up of iron in the liver and other organs |
| Ascites | Buildup of fluid in peritoneal cavity |
| Portal System | Two capillary beds connected in sequence |
| Portal hypertension | Increased blood pressure in hepatic portal veins |
| Varices | Distended, swollen veins |
| Amenorhea | Lack of menstrual period |
| Gynecomastia | Abnormal breast development in men |
| Peritonitis | Inflammation of the peritoneal cavity |
| Two primary causes of acute pancreatitis | Alcohol consumption and biliary tract obstruction (gallstones) |
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | Widespread blood clotting |
| Trypsin | Enzyme that breaks down proteins |
| What is the involvement of the pancreas in the endocrine and exocrine systems? | The pancreas secretes insulin in the endocrine system and excretes digestive enzymes in the exocrine system. |
| Celiac Disease | An autoimmune disease of the intestine |
| Gluten Enteropathy | Disease of the intestine |
| What is gluten? | A protein found in wheat, rye, and barley |
| What is broken down by tissue enzyymes to form gliaden? | Gluten |
| Malabsorption and malnutrition are problems associated with what disease of the gastrointestinal tract? | Celiac Disease |
| How might Celiac disease be treated? | Eating a gluten free diet |
| How might Celiac disease be treated? | Eating a gluten free diet |
| What types of disease are Crohn's disease and Ulcerative Colitis? | Inflammatory Bowel Disease |
| Ulcerative colitis | Inflammation of the colon |
| Which IBD is associated with chronic inflammation in the colon? | Ulcerative colitis |
| Which IBD is associated with chronic inflammation throughout the GI tract? | Crohn's disease |
| Fibrosis and stricture are common in which IBD? | Crohn's disease |
| Manifestations of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) | Malabsorption, diarrhea with cramping pain and blood, and weight loss |
| What is acute inflammation and infection of the appendix? | Appendicitis |
| A patient with appendicitis may experience peritonitis if what occurs? | Ruptured appendix |
| Why might a ruptured appendix cause peritonitis? | Bacteria and fluid spread through the peritoneal cavity causing inflammation. |
| Diverticula | Outpouching of mucosa through the muscle layer of the bowel wall |
| Diverticulitis | Inflammation of the diverticula |
| What is an asymptomatic diverticular disease? | Diverticulosis |
| What is an abcess? | A puss filled pocket |
| What are complications of diverticular disease? | Perforation, obstruction, and abcess formation in the intestinal wall |
| Risk factors of Colorectal cancer | Age (over 55), Western diet, family history, and chronic colitis |
| Polyp | Solid mass of cells |
| What does the term adenomatous mean? | From a gland |
| Familial Adenomatous Polyposis | High number of polyps form in the colon |
| What type of test might be used to screen for colorectal cancer? | Fecal Occult Blood Test |
| Adenocarcinoma | Carcinoma from a gland |
| What is a common sign of colorectal cancer? | Blood in the stool |
| Intestinal obstruction | The lack of movement of contents through the intestine |
| Examples of Mechanical obstructions | Tumors, adhesions, hernias |
| Examples of Functional obstructions | Paralytic ileus |
| Paralytic ileus | Nerve damage that causes the brain to not be able to tell the muscles to move causing obstruction |
| Volvulus | Twisting of the intestines |
| Intussusception | Part of the intestine slides back into an adjacent part |
| Peritonitis | Inflammation of the peritoneal membranes |
| Causes of perintonitis | Chemical irritation (ex: Bile from a perforated gallbladder, Pancreatic enzymes realsed in pancreatitis, Chyme spilling from a perforated ulcer) |
| Manifestations of Peritonitis | Parietal peritoneum, hypovolemic shock, impaired nerve transmission, decreased peristalsis, paralytic ileus, decreased or absent bowel sounds, fibrous scar tissue, adhesions, obstructions |
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