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BCOR 102 - Exam 3

ecology and evolution

QuestionAnswer
succession the change in community structure through time
chronosequence a set of sites that differ only in time since last disturbance
genotype underlying genetic elements
phenotype appearance of organism - expression of genetically based traits
Law of Segregation the two factors that control each trait do not blend but are distinct and are segregated in gametes
gene a sequence of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a particular trait (e.g. flower color)
allele one of two or more alternate states that exist for a gene (e.g. red or white)
DNA amino acid sequence -> protein -> determines phenotype observed
homozygote 2 identical alleles at a gene
heterozygote 2 different alleles at a gene
dominant allele phenotype that is expressed in either homozygotes or heterozygotes
recessive allele phenotype expressed only in homozygotes - often non-functional proteins
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment different genes segregate independently (if they are on separate chromosomes)
gene pool set of alleles in an interbreeding population
Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions 1) no mutation, 2) no migration, 3) random mating, 4) no natural selection, 5) large population size, 6) random segregation of alleles
polymorphism % of loci (genes that are present) in a population that contains 2 or more alleles
heterozygosity proportion of loci (genes that are present) that are heterozygous in an average individual
speciation evolution of reproductive isolation
natural selection evolution due to differential survival and/or reproduction of individuals with heritable traits
4 mechanisms that lead to changes in allelic frequencies mutation, migration, genetic drift, non-random mating
effective population size the genetically equivalent size of a randomly mating population - determined by population bottleneck, sex ratio, and dispersal/movement
positive assortative mating frequent mating b/w similar phenotypes
random mating mate choice is independent of genotype or phenotype
negative assortative mating more frequent mating b/w disimilar phenotypes
inbreeding more frequent mating b/w related individuals
autozygous 2 alleles in an individual are identical by descent
allozygous 2 alleles in an individual are not identical by descent
Assumptions of natural selection 1) organisms vary in their traits, 2) this variation has a genetic basis, 3) not all offspring will survive, 4) particular traits enhance survival in particular environments
relative fitness survival rate relative to best surviving genotype
balance model a model for genetic diversity where genetic variability is high, selection favors heterozygous individuals, and selection is "balancing"
classical model a model for genetic diversity where genetic variability is low and purifying selection removes deleterious (non-beneficial proteins) alleles
neutral model model for genetic diversity where genetic variability is high and genetic variants produced are selectively neutral
inbreeding coefficient (F) 1 - H/Hsubo -> the fractional reduction in heterozygosity relative to a randomly mating population or the probability that 2 alleles are autozygous
fixation when the allele frequency reaches 1.0
evolution the origin of adaptations and origin of species
inhibition model
bottleneck
sex ratio
dispersal/movement d = density (# ind./area) x = natal dispersal distance - the distance from point of birth to point where mating and offspring production occurs
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