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Ch6 Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force | Contractility |
| the capacity of skeletal muscle the respond to a stimulus | Excitability |
| the ability to be stretched | Extensibility |
| Ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched | Elasticity |
| Four major skeletal muscle characteristics | Contractility, Excitability, Extensibility, and Elasticity |
| Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the | Epimysium |
| Connective tissue located outside the epimysium | Fascia |
| A muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called | Muscle Fasciculi |
| Muscle fasciculi are surrounded by loose connective tissue called the | Perimysium |
| Muscle cells | Fibers |
| Each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the | Endomysium |
| The cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with | Myofibrils |
| Myofibrils consist of 2 major kinds of protein fibers | Actin and myosin myofilaments |
| Thin myofilaments, pearls twisted together | Actin |
| Thick myofilaments, bundles of golf clubs | Myosin |
| Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called | Sarcomeres |
| Basic structural and functional unity of the muscle | Sarcomere |
| Z line to Z line | Sarcomere |
| Light area on each side of the z line | I band |
| i bands consist of | actin |
| darker region in each sarcomere | a band |
| the a band extends the length of the | myosin |
| the light area in the middle of the sarcomere | h zone |
| h zone consists of | myosin |
| dark staining band in the center of the sarcomere | m line |
| charge difference across the membrane | resting membrane potential |
| the brief reversal back of the charge | action potential |
| nerve cells that carry action potentials to the skeletal muscle fibers | motor nuerons |
| each branch that connects to the muscle forms a | neuromuscular junction |
| another term for neuromuscular junction | synapse |
| a single motor neuron and all the skeletal fibers it innervates | motor unit |
| many motor units | single muscle |
| formed by an enlarged nerve terminal resting in an identification of the muscle cell membrane | neuromuscular junction |
| enlarged nerve terminal | presynaptic terminal |
| space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | synaptic cleft |
| muscle fiber | postsynaptic terminal |
| each presynaptic terminal contains | synaptic vesicles |
| synaptic vesicles secrete a neurotransmitter called | acetylcholine |
| enzymes that break down acetocholine | acetylcholinesterase |
| Occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten | Contraction |
| The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction | Sliding filament mechanism |
| A contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | Muscle twitch |
| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called | Threshold |
| The muscle fiber will contract maximally | All-Or-None Response |
| The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | Lag phase |
| The time of the contraction | Contraction phase |
| The time during which the muscle relaxes | Relaxation Phase |
| Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | Tetany |
| The increase in number of motor units being activated | Recruitment |
| Needed for energy for muscle contraction | ATP (adenosine triphosphate |
| ATP is produced in the | Mitochondria |
| ATP degenerates to the more stable plus phosphate | ADP (adenosine diphosphate) |
| High energy molecule muscle cells store | Creatine phosphate |
| Without oxygen | Anaerobic respiration |
| With oxygen | Aerobic respiration |
| The amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate store in muscle cells. | Oxygen debt |
| Results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells. | Muscle fatigue |
| 2 types of muscle contractions | Isometric and isotonic |
| Equal distance, tension increases | Isometric |
| Equal tension, length changes | Isotonic |
| Refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time. | Muscle tone |
| Contract quickly and fatigue quickly. Ex. white meat of chicken breasts | Fast-twitch fibers |
| Contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. Ex. dark meat of a duck's breast. | Slow-twitch fibers |
| Muscle connects to bone | Tendons |
| Most stationary end of the muscle | Origin |
| The end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement. | Insertion |
| he portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion | Belly |
| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movemens | Synergists |
| Muscles that work in opposition to one another | Antagonists |
| If one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement it's the | Prime mover |
| Muscles named according to their | Location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function. |
| Raises the eyebrows | Occipitofrontalis |
| Closes the eyelids and causes “crows feet” wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye. | Orbicularis oculi |
| Puckers the lips | Orbicularis oris |
| Flattens the cheeks. Trumpeter’s muscle. | Buccinator |
| smilinh muscle | zygomaticus |
Created by:
MikieB
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