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Hydro Final
Does not include midterm material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Purposes of monitoring wells | Hydraulic head measurements Representative samples migration rate of compounds |
| Parts of a well top to bottom | Cover Cap and concrete Casing and bentonite Well screen and sand |
| What should you use to drill in soft ground? | Hollow stem auger |
| What should you use to drill into hard ground? | solid flight augers |
| What should you use to drill into hard rock? | air rotary drill - fluid or air removes cuttings mud rotary drill |
| Adv and disadv mud rotary drill | Adv- deep/rapid, little contaminant movement Disadv- logging is difficult, mud cakes, lots of water |
| What is cable tool drilling | Rig pulverizes material with a drill bit |
| Well diameters | 4 inches for domestic, larger for industry |
| How long should the well screen be | no more than 1.5m |
| Casing/screen materials | PVC is common but steel or teflon can be used in chemically harsh conditions |
| ideal slot size | 0.01 |
| filter pack length | 30 cm above screen |
| What is the annulus | space between casing and borehole |
| Why do you seal the annulus, and with what | Seal with bentonite to prevent contamination |
| Why use a filter pack | There may be many fines, or the structure may collapse |
| Nested wells vs cluster wells | Nested- many wells at different levels in the same borehole Clustered- different levels and different boreholes |
| What is hydraulic conductivity? | A measure of well recovery and flow rate |
| What is the slug test | withdrawal or displacement of a known volume of water and timing recovery |
| Hvorslevs equation for hydraulic conductivity | K= r^2 Loge(L/R)/2LTo recovery should at least be 0.37 |
| Practically, how do you fins storativity and transmissivity? | Aquifer pump test |
| What is transmissivity | How much water will move through the aquifer T=Kb |
| What is storativity | How much water can be removed by sampling S=specific storage *b |
| Transmissivity classes | T<15m3/d only for domestic T>150 m3/d industrial, urban, irrigation T>1500 m3/d anything |
| How do you calculate the 20 year safe yield | Q=T*drawdown/127 |
| How many wells does an aquifer test need | Two- one for testing one for observation |
| Assumptions of the Theis method | Constant pump rate; confined aquifer; negligible well diameter |
| How does pumping affect contamination flow | May reverse flow, capture contaminants in cone of depression, can cause contamination to go uphill |
| Three new groundwater contaminants | Citric acid, ammonium persulfate, and gluteraldehyde |
| Major groundwater contaminants associated with oil sands | Naphthenic acids, which are also toxic |
| LNAPL vs DNAPL | light vs dense |
| Are chlorinated solvents likely to be LNAPL or DNAPL | DNAPL |
| Basics of pump and treat | 1. Containment 2. Reduce 3. Recover LNAPL |
| Considerations for pump and treat | Geology characterization, aquifer characterization, hardness classification, capture zones |
| What do you need to know to calculate the radius of influence | well radius, K, pump rate, draw down, water table height |
| What do you need to know to calculate the capture zone | pump rate, thickness, and darcy velocity |
| Tailing and rebound | Tailing-gradual decrease Rebound- bounce back to criteria |
| Contaminant transport processes | Advection, dispersion and diffusion, adsorption, volatilization, degradation |
| Advection | Bulk transport dissolved contaminants |
| Hydrodynamic dispersion | Combo of mechanical dispersion and chemical diffusion |
| Mechanical dispersion | Mechanical mixing by velocity of the medium Affects plume shape and movement |
| Monitored natural attenuation processes | adsorption, volatilization, biodegradation, dispersion, rxns |
| Photolysis | reactions caused by light |
| hydrolysis | water and contaminant are split and recombined |
| MNA adv and disadv | Adv- non intrusive, low cost Disadv- long time, toxicity may increase |
| EM 38 vs EM31 vs 34 | EM38 is shallow surface EM31 is deep (6m) EM 31 transmits and receives same unit but EM34 is different All are surficial |
| Ground penetrating radar | detects deflected signals like sonar |
| Magnetometer | Magnetism detection |
| Caliper logs | Detects fractures, borehole diameter, joints |
| Temperature logs | Can differentiate aquifer waters or trace water |
| Single point resistance/resistivity log | The opposite of conductivity Can identify water bearing rock |
| EM39 | Subsurface Conductivity in PVC cased wells Monitoring or exploration |
| Gamma logs | Shales and clays are usually radioactive |
| Spontaneous potential logs | Salinity/EC |
| Neutron logs | Porosity via hydrogen content |
| Hydraulic profiling tool | Assess permeability and EC by applying pressure and a transducer measures pressure received back |
| Membrane Interface Probe | Detects VoC. Heated block |
| Piezo-cone and seismo-cone penetrometer | Densities and pressures |
| UVIF penetrometer | HYdrocarbons will fluoresce |
Created by:
swilson67
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