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Ecology Test #3
terminology and example test questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mutualism (general) | A relationship between two species (or more) that benefit from both (or all). (+,+) |
| Obligate Mutualism | Interaction is necessary to the survival of one or both species; at least one species cannot live without its mutualistic partner. |
| Facultative Mutualism | Interaction is not necessary to the survival of the two species; each can live without the other. |
| Symbiosis | A close physical association between two species, usually coevolved. Symbiotic relationships can be parasitic or mutualistic. |
| Coevolution | The reciprocal evolution in two or more interacting species of adaptations selected by their interaction. |
| Commensalism | Very few clear-cut examples, cattle egret and grazing cattle/ cape buffalo. (+,0) |
| Amensalism | An interaction of species populations, in which one population is inhibited while the other (the amensal) is unaffected. |
| Predation | One organism (the predator) kills and consumes another organism (the prey) (+,-) |
| Parasitoid | An organism whose larvae live within and consume their host; usually parasitoid and host are both insects (ex. wasp larvae and caterpillars) |
| Detritivore | An organism that feeds on freshly dead or partially decomposed organic matter (detritus) (+,0) Kind of like Commensalism, but not really a species interaction. |
| Crypsis/cryptic coloration | Organisms camouflaged to match color and pattern of background. Examples = walking stick, tree frogs, chameleons, tree hoppers, spade foot toads, flounder, zebra (looks grey from a distance). |
| Aposematic coloration | “Warning coloration” coupled with toxicity. Produces noxious chemicals or accumulate them from plants they eat. Bright coloration serves as an easily remembered cue for visual predators. (ex. poisonous dart frogs) |
| Batesian Mimicry | Harmless species mimics harmful species (warning coloration not coupled with toxicity). Examples: Coral Snake “Red on Yellow, Kill A Fellow”, Scarlet Kingsnake “Red on Black, No Harm Jack” |
| Mullerian Mimicry | Two harmful species mimic each other (same warning coloration coevolved in two toxic species). Example: tropical butterflies |
| Functional Response | A change in the rate of prey consumption by an individual predator as a result of a change in the density of its prey. |
| Numerical Response | An increase in the number of predators in response to an increase in prey densities. Population growth due to immigration and/or increased birth rate. |
| Search Image | A perceptual change in the ability of a predator to detect a familiar cryptic prey. |
| Parasitism | One organism (the parasite) receives nourishment from the living tissues of another organism (the host); a parasite does not supply its host with any “service” or resource in return. (+,-) |
| Ectoparasites | A parasite that lives on or in the skin but not within the body. Fleas and lice are ectoparasites. Infestation with an ectoparasite is called an ectoparasitosis. |
| Endoparasites | a parasite that lives in the internal organs or tissues of its host. Example: tapeworm |
| Herbivory | One organism (the herbivore) receives nourishment from a plant in some manner, without supplying the plant any “service” or resource in return. |
| Herbivory (cont'd) | If the plant is killed and consumed, the herbivore is said to act like a predator. If the plant is not killed, the herbivore is said to act like a parasite. (all examples of herbivory are types of either parasitism or predation) (+,-) |
| Competition (general) | The use or defense of a resource by one individual that reduces the availability of that resource to other individuals. (-,-) |
| Intraspecific Competition | The use or defense of a resource by one individual that reduces the availability of that resource to other individuals of the same species. |
| Interspecific Competition | The use or defense of a resource by one individual that reduces the availability of that resource to other individuals of other species. |
| Resource | Any substance or factor that is consumed by organisms and used for their maintenance and growth, and which supports increased population growth rates as its availability in the environment increases. |
| Condition | the state of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the environment, and the processes and interactions that connect them. |
| Nonrenewable Resource | A resource that is not regenerated and which becomes unavailable when it is used. |
| Renewable Resource | A resource that is continually regenerated or renewed. |
| Niche | The ecological role of a species in the community; the many ranges of conditions and resource qualities within which the organism or species persists, often conceived as a multidimensional space. |
| Niche Partitioning | the divergence/differentiation of niches of organisms in a community. (ex. two insects feeding on different parts of the same plant) |
| Character Displacement | Divergence in the traits of two otherwise similar species where their ranges overlap, caused by the selective effects of competition between them. |
| Exploitative Competition | “Scramble Competition”, effect on others purely based on getting resources before another can get them. (ex. calmly and collectively collecting $100 dollar bills) |
| Interference Competition | A form of competition that involves a fight or other active interaction among organisms. |
| Allelopathy | A type of interference competition because the secondary chemical compounds often inhibit the growth of neighboring organisms by interfering with their ability to obtain resources. |
| Community | A group of interacting populations. However, it also seems to be a generally accepted practice to use this term to mean association and guild as well. |
| Association | A group of species living in the same area. |
| Guild | A group of populations which utilizes resources in a similar way. |
| Species Dominance | One species or a group of species has a great influence on the rest of the community, but may or may not be the most abundant species. |
| Ecotones | A region of rapid turnover of species along a spatial transect or ecological gradient; a zone of transition between communities. |
Created by:
rstacey1
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