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Exam 4
Ch 40,
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Single Cell | surface area: |
| two layers of cells | surface area: |
| Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans | Tissues, organs, organ systems |
| Connective Tissue | - loose connective tissue - fibrous connective tissue - bone - cartilage - adipose tissue - blood |
| Loose connective tissue | collagenous fiber and elastic fiber |
| Cartilage | chondrocytes and chondroitin sulfate |
| fibrous connective tissue | nuclei |
| adipose tissue | fat droplets |
| bone | central canal and osteon |
| blood | white blood cells, red blood cells, plasma |
| Muscle Tissue | -Skeletal - Smooth - Cardiac |
| Skeletal Muscle | sarcomere, muscle fiber, and multiple nuclei |
| cardiac muscle | nucleus, intercalated disk |
| smooth muscle | nucleus, muscle fibers |
| Nervous Tissue | Neuron |
| Neuron | dendrites, cell body, axon, glial cells, blood vessels |
| Organ System | - Digestive - Circulatory - Respiratory - Immune and lymphatic - Excretory - Endocrine - Reproductive - Nervous - Integumentary - Skeletal - Muscular |
| Digestive : Main Components | Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus |
| Digestive: Main Functions | Food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination) |
| Circulatory: Main Components | Heart, blood vessels, blood |
| Circulatory: Main Functions | Internal distribution of materials |
| Respiratory: Main Components | Lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes |
| Respiratory: Main Functions | gas exchange (uptake of oxygen; disposal of carbon dioxide) |
| Immune and lymphatic: Main Components | Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells |
| Immune and lymphatic: Main Functions | Body Defense ( fighting infections and cancer) |
| Excretory: Main Components | Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| Excretory: Main Functions | Disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance of blood |
| Endocrine: Main Components | Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and other hormone-secreting glands |
| Endocrine: Main Functions | Coordination of body activities (such as digestion and metabolism) |
| Reproductive: Main Components | Ovaries or testes, and associated organs |
| Reproductive: Main Functions | Reproduction |
| Nervous: Main Components | Brain, Spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs |
| Nervous: Main Functions | Coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them |
| Integumentary: Main Components | skin and its derivatives (hair, claws, skin glands) |
| Integumentary: Main Functions | Protection against mechanical injury, infection, drying out, thermoregulation |
| Skeletal: Main Components | Skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage) |
| Skeletal: Main Functions | Body suport, protection of internal organs, movement |
| Muscular: Main Components | Skeletal muscles |
| Muscular: Main Functions | Locomotion and other movement |
| Five general adaptations help animals thermoregulate: | -Insulation (skin, feathers, fur, blubber) -Circulatory adaptations (vasodialator, constrictor, countercurrent exchange) -Cooling by evaporative heat loss (sweating, panting) -Behavioral responses -Adjusting metabolic heat production |
| Acclimatization in Thermoregulation | -Birds and mammals can vary their insulation to acclimatize to seasonal temperature changes -some ectotherms produce “antifreeze” compounds to prevent ice formation in their cells -Thermoregulation |
| Torpor and Energy Conservation | -Torpor is a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases -Torpor enables animals to save energy -Hibernation is long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity |
| Population ecology | Study of populations in relation to their environment |
| Population ecology explores... | Biotic and abiotic factors influence abundance, dispersion, age structure of populations |
| Population | Group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area. |
| Density | Number of individuals per unit area or volume |
| Dispersion | The pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population |
| Immigration | Influx of new individuals from other areas |
| Emigration | The movement of individuals out of a population and into other locations. |
| Territoriality | The defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals |
| Demography | The study of these vital statistics of populations and how they change over time |
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