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EOC review cat. 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Regulation | The endocrine system makes certain hormones. Blood in the circulatory system carries them to the skeletal system to control the amount of calcium released from bones. |
| Nutrient Absorption | Food is broken down in the stomach mechanically by the muscular system (churns food) and chemically by water, acid, and enzymes in the digestive system; nutrients are then absorbed by blood in the circulatory system. |
| Reproduction | Certain hormones produced in the endocrine system control ovulation in a female's reproductive system |
| Defense | Mucus in the lungs traps a virus in the respiratory system. T-cells in the immune system destroy virus- infected cells. Nerves in the nervous system sense pain from a fire on the skin |
| Transport | ~The root system uptakes water. ~Xylem vessels transport water to the leaves in the shoot system. ~Phloem vessels transport sugars and nutrients throughout the plant |
| Reproduction | ~The reproductive organs in a flower are the pistil (female) and the stamen (male). ~A seed is a mature, pollinated ovule (fertilized egg). ~Hormones in a plant's root system help trigger the growth of a seed in the shoot system. |
| Response | When one side of a plant does not receive enough light, a hormone that causes growth is produced in the shoot system's leaves. It is transported to the darker side. As the dark side grows, the plant bends toward the light. |
| photosyntheis equation | 6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| cellular respiration equation | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP |
| photosynthesis reactants | carbon dioxide and water |
| photosynthesis products | glucose and oxygen |
| Cellular respiration reactants | glucose and oxygen |
| Cellular respiration products | carbon dioxide, water, and ATP |
| Photosynthesis | Process by which green plants and some other organisms make sugars (like glucose) and release oxygen using light energy, carbon dioxide and water |
| Enzymes | control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction |
| Enzymes are also known as | proteins |
| Catalysts | substances that speed up chemical reactions |
| Enzymes do not | change during reaction |
| Can enzymes be used more than once? | yes |
| The reactant an enzyme acts on is the | substrate |
| A restricted region of an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate | Active site |
| Induced fit | A change in the configuration of an enzyme's active site (H+ and ionic bonds are involved). |
| What affects enzyme activity? | environmental conditions, cofactors and coenzymes, enzyme inhibitors |
| Environmental conditions that affect enzyme activity | Extreme Temperature are the most dangerous - high temps may denature (unfold) the enzyme. pH (most like 6 - 8 pH near neutral) Ionic concentration (salt ions) |
| Cofactors and coenzymes | Inorganic substances (zinc, iron) and vitamins (respectively) are sometimes need for proper enzymatic activity. |
| Competitive Inhibitors | are chemicals that resemble an enzyme's normal substrate and compete with it for the active site. |
| Noncompetitive Inhibitors | Inhibitors that do not enter the active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to change its shape, which in turn alters the active site. |
| Tissue | similar cells working together |
| Organ | Heart, brain, stomach... |
| Organ Systems | respiratory, circulatory, excretory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, integumentary, etc ... |
| Population | One species in an area |
| Community | several populations in an area |
| Ecosystem | A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. |
| Biome | A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms |
| Biosphere | all living and nonliving things on Earth |
| negative feedback response to stimulus | Decreases effect |
| positive feedback response to stimulus | Increases effect |
| A human that becomes too hot will cool himself by dilating vessels and sweating | Negative Feedback |
| Ethylene is produced when apples ripen, which stimulates production of more ethylene, causing more apples to ripen | Positive Feedback |
| Primary Succession | the development of a community in an area where no living things previously existed. |
| Primary succession would most likely occur at | Sides of volcanoes, Landslides, Flooding |
| arrival of living things such as lichens that do not need soil to survive | Pioneer Species |
| bare rock becoming a diverse ecosystem | Primary Succession |
| secondary succession | the replacement of one type of community by another in an area where an existing community was destroyed or removed |
| Where does secondary succession take place? | a place that already has soil and was once the home of living organisms |
| Climax Community | A stable group of plants and animals that is the end result of the succession process |
| Climax Community examples | Big trees, grasses in prairies, cacti in deserts |
| Symbiosis | a relationship in which two different organisms have a close association with each other. |
| Mutualism | a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit. |
| Commensalism | a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other organism is not affected in any way |
| Parasitism | symbolic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed |
| Predation | an organism known as a predator that eats part or all of another organism known as its prey. |
| Competition | when two or more individuals or populations compete for the same resource, such as shelter or food |
| Pathogen | a virus, bacterium, or any organism that causes a disease. |
| Trophic level | level at which energy is flowing through an ecosystem |
| Decompose organic material Change nitrogen from one form to another in the nitrogen cycle Have role in making drugs(like penicillin), foods(like yogurt and cheese), and vitamins Help absorb nutrients in the human digestive system | Beneficial roles of bacteria |
| Spoil food Produce harmful or damaging toxins Cause of shortage of oxygen in lakes where blooms occur Cause diseases | Harmful roles of bacteria |
| Genetic variation | difference in the genotypes within a population. Ex: Humans have different eye and hair color, skin color, shape of faces, certain health disorders, etc. |
| Adaptation | a heritable trait that helps an organism survive in its environment. It may be a physical trait such as a beak size or shape or a behavioral trait such as how to protect itself or find food. |
| How do variations and adaptations of organisms compare in different ecosystems? | Genetic variations tend to increase with the size of a population and the rate at which the species reproduces. |
| This biome has a wide range of temperatures and precipitation. The organisms that adapted to survive the seasonal weather changes. | Deciduous Forest |
| - In this biome, plants and animals have adaptations that help them conserve water. Ex: Leaves of a cacti | Desert |
| the reef is formed from the skeletons of coral animals. These are found in shallow, tropical waters. A healthy coral reef is home to a large variety of animals. adapted to warm, relatively shallow salt water. | Coral reef |
| How is the long term survival of species affected by their resource base? | depends on the resources supplied by their environment. |
| Resources | necessities for sustaining life- food, water, air, space. These help organisms survive and reproduce. |
| Factors that influence population size | • Competition • Predation • Parasitism and disease • Drought and other climate extremes • Human disturbances |
| What can change the resource bases of an environment? | A sudden change to the environment can cause a rapid extinction of many species. |
| Mass Extincition | large number of species become extinct and whole ecosystems collapse. |
| How does matter flow through the carbon cycle? | Carbon makes up less than 1% of the Earth's crust and atmosphere,but all living things depend on carbon compounds |
| Carbon Cycle | a process that moves carbon between the atmosphere, the Earth's surface, and living things. |
| How does the flow of matter flow through the nitrogen cycle? | Nitrogen gas make up 78% of Earth's atmosphere. In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen moves between the atmosphere, Earth's surface, and living things. |
| Nitrogen Fixation | the process by which bacteria change nitrogen gas into a form that plants can use. |
| eutrophication | Process by which nitrogen dissolves in the body of water and stimulates the growth of plants and algae. |
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cadenrcr
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