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Digestive Functions
A list of functions of many organs and structures in the digestive process
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Teeth | Breaks up food into smaller pieces so as to increase surface area |
| Tongue | Swallows the bolus via peristalsis |
| Lips | Form a seal to hold food in the mouth, and serve to detect food heat before ingestion |
| Oral cavity | Holds food during chewing |
| Salivary glands | Produce saliva to help digest starches and aid the swallowing process |
| Epiglottis | Makes sure food doesn't travel down the trachea instead of the esophagus |
| Esophagus | Moves food from the mouth to the stomach by means of peristalsis |
| Cardiac Sphincter` | Keeps food and stomach acid in the stomach and out of the esophagus |
| Pyloric Sphincter | Keeps food and stomach acid in the stomach and out of the duodenum |
| Stomach | Contains the enzymes (and the correct pH for those enzymes) which digest proteins |
| Duodenum | Responsible for most of the chemical digestion in the small intestines. Also regulates emptying of the stomach chyme |
| Small intestine | Responsible for the final digestion of most food. Proteins, fats and carbohydrates are broken down into their monomers here |
| Colon | Extracts water and salts from food before it is eliminated |
| Appendix | Possibly to hold beneficial bacteria, possibly once used to digest cellulose by our ancestors. No one really knows |
| Liver | Produces bile, detoxifies alcohols, and produces chemicals necessary for digestion |
| Pancreas | Produces digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, trypsin, and the nucleases, digesting starch, fats, triglycerides, and xNA respectively) and hormones (glucagon & insulin) |
| Gall bladder | Holds bile until needed to dissolve food |
| Common bile duct | Directs bile from the liver to the duodenum |
| Pancreatic duct | Connects the pancreas to the common bile duct |
| Gastric glands | Secrete gastric enzymes, as well as HCl and mucus |
| Duodenal glands | Secrete mucus-rich alkaline solution which lubricates the duodenum, and protects it from the acidity of the chyme |
| Rectum | Holds poops before defecation |
| Anus | Maintains a tight seal, to keep poop inside you until you want to poop |
| Smooth muscle | Perform peristalsis, so as to push food through the digestive tract |
| Villi | Increase surface area to increase the rate of diffusion |
| Microvilli | Increase surface area to increase the rate of diffusion |
| Lacteal Capillaries | Absorb dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine |
| Abdominal Cavity | Holds the guts |
| Mesenteric artery | Distributes blood to the intestines |
| Hepatic portal vein | Drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen |
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