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Exam 3 Micro
The Innate Immune System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Second line of defense is induced by a signaling cascade pathway after what? | chemical, physical and microbial barriers. |
| The innate immune response is the ___ immune response and ___than the adaptive immune response. | FIRST, FASTER |
| The innate immune response acts by___. And its purpose is to ___. | Inflammation causes redness, swelling and pain. Its purpose to destroy microbes and initiate tissue repair. |
| Recognition occurs via what two patterns and what kind of receptors? | Pathogen associate molecular patterns (PAMPs) and Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) are recognized by PRRs. |
| Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) detect what? | LPS, Peptidoglycan, Proteins, Toxins, Nucleic acids |
| PRR-PAMP engagement results in | phagocytosis, activation of cells, cytokine secretion and inflammation. |
| Toll-like receptors are __ associated receptors | MEMBRANE |
| Triggering of TLRs results in a ___. | SIGNALING CASCADE |
| TLR2 recognizes___. | PEPTIDOGLYCAN |
| TLR4 recognizes___ or ___. | LPS or ENDOTOXIN |
| Scavenger receptors detect... | modified lipoproteins, phagocytosis of bacteria, and the clearance of apoptotic cells. |
| Opsonins | soluble. They are any substance that enhances phagocytosis of a cell or particle. |
| Opsonins (enhancers of pathogen phagocytosis) | Bind to surface of microbes via: Complement C3b, C reactive protein, and Antibodies |
| NOD-like receptors | Cytosolic receptors. Detect a variety of PAMPs. Activates caspase-1 that activates IL-1β. |
| Markers of abnormal self include: | Reduction of surface markers such as MHC I. Expression of stress markers such MICA and MICB. |
| How can abnormal self be detected? | PRRs and killer activation receptors on NK cells. |
| Defensins | soluble. cause pores in bacteria. |
| Lysozyme | soluble. break down peptidoglycan at β 1-4 glycosidic linkages. |
| DNAase | breaks down DNA (soluble) |
| RNAase | breaks down RNA (soluble) |
| Complement | soluble. Soluble proteins and enzymes that are part of both the innate and adaptive immune response. |
| Complement Soluble Defense Mechanisms do these things to protect | Lysis of bacteria, cells and viruses. Phagocytosis. Recruitment of inflammatory cells. |
| Complement soluble defenders have an innate response that can serve as an | Alternative pathway. And a Mannan-binding lectin (MBL pathway). |
| Complement soluble defenders Alternative Pathway sequential events: | 1. C3b to bind microbe [Factor B and D continue while Factor H and I inhibit (regulatory)] 2. C3 convertase 3. C5 convertase 4. C5b inserts in cell membrane 5. Membrane attack complex (MAC) |
| Complement soluble defenders: Terminal or lytic pathway | 1. C5b inserted into membrane 2. C6, C7, C8 follow 3. Multiple C9 insertions result in pore formation. 4. Membrane attack complex (MAC). 5. Pore leads to lysis of microbe. |
| Complement soluble defenders: Mannan-binding lectin pathway | 1. Activated by MBL binding to mannose on certain microbes (MBL is an acute phase protein) 2. Interacts with MBL-activated serine protease (MASP) 3. MASP activates |
| Complement soluble defenders: REMEBER | C3b is the major opsonin of the complement system. C3a, C4a and C5a can act as chemoattractants to phagocytes |
| What is the complement protein that forms the pore resulting in the lysis of the pathogen? | C9 |
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