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OXYGENATION!
SHORTER RECAP
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| eupnea | normal resp. quiet, rhythmic, and effortless |
| tachypnea | rapid rate. is seen with fevers, metabolic ACIDosis, pain, and hypercapnia or hypoxemia |
| bradypnea | is abnormally slow resp. may be seen in pt who have taken drugs such as morphine, who have metabolic ALKalosis, or who have incrased intracranial pressure (eg. brain injuries) |
| hypoxia | insufficint oxygen anywhere in the body. can be related to any parts of respiration-venitilation, diffusion of gases, or transport of gases by the bl. and can be caused by any condition that alter one or more parts of the process |
| clinical signs of hypoxia | rapid pulse. rapid shallow resp and dyspnea. incrased restlesssness or light headedness. flaring of the nares. substernal or intercostal retractions. cyanosis. |
| hypoventilation can lead to | hypoxia |
| hypoventilation can occur because of disease of the rep. muscles, drugs or anestesia. with hypoventilation ____ accumulates in the bl. and is a cond called __________ | carbon dioxide accumulates and is called hypercarbia (hypercapnia) |
| hypoxia can also develop when the diffusion of oxygen from alveoli into the art. bl. decreases, as with | pulmonary edema or pneumonia, or it can result from problem in the delivery of oxygen to the tissues (anemia, hf, and embolism) |
| cyanosis is due to reduced hemoglobin oxygen saturation may be present when there is hypoxemia. the bl. must contain__ g or more of unoxygenated hemoglobin per ___ ml | 5 g or more of unoxygenated hemoglobin per 100 ml of blood. |
| the acutely hypoxic person usually apears anxious, tired, and drawn. usually assumes a sitting position, often leaning forward | actue hypoxic person |
| with chronic hypoxia the client often appears | fatigued and is lethargic. fingers and toes may be clubbed as a result of long term lack of oxygen in the arterial bl supply |
| cheyne stokes | very deep to very shallow breathing and temporary apnea. common causes are hf, increased intracranial press. and overdose |
| kussmauls | body attempts to compensate by blowing off carbon dioxide through deep and rapid breathing(hyperventilation seen in metabolic acidosis) |
| biot's breathing | shallow breaths interrupted by apnea; may be seen in clients with central nervous system disorders |
| orthopnea | is inability to breathe except in an upright or standing position |
| partial obstruction in the upper airway is indicated by | a low pitched sound |
| complete obstruction is indicated by extreme | inspiratory effort that produce no chest movement and inability to cough or speak. may see sternal and intercostal retractions |
| lower airway obstruction is not always as easy to observe. stridor is | a harsh high pitched sound may be heard during inspiration. the client may have altered abg lvl, restlessness, dyspnea, and adventious breath sounds |
| pulmonary func test measure | lung volume and capacity. the client breathes into a mach. painless, but the client has to be able to follow directions |
| incentive spirometers measure the air inhaled through the mouthpiece and are used to | improve pulm ventilation; counteract the effects of anesthesia or hypoventilation; loosen rep secretions; facilitate resp gaseous exchange; expand collapsed alveoli |
| pursed lipped breathing is used for clients with | obstructive airway disease |
| SMI | requires the client to take slow, steady inhalations, to keep the balls up. every hour or two, 5-10 breaths each time. only the mouth piece should be rinced or wiped. |
Created by:
chelsea309
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