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Biology Chapter 8-9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors | evolution |
| 5 lines of evidence for evolution | molecular similarities, developmental similarities, anatomical evidence, geological evidence, fossil evidence |
| DNA sequencing, more similar DNA = more closely related | molecular similarities |
| embryos start out the same then differentiate | developmental similarities |
| homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures | anatomical evidence |
| upper layers contain more recent organisms | geological evidence |
| used with geological evidence to determine age of fossils | fossil evidence |
| preserved remains or the trace evidence of an organism's existence in the past | fossils |
| features found in different organisms that share structural similarities but different functions | homologous structures |
| similar function but not similar in origin | analogous structures |
| structures that have lost their function over time | vestigial structures |
| developed the theory that modern organisms evolved over long periods of time from a common ancestor | Charles Darwin |
| 3 patterns of biological diversity | species vary globally, species vary locally, species vary overtime |
| what 2 organisms did Darwin study on the Galapagos | finches and their different beaks and tortoises with their different shaped shells |
| feature that allows an organism to survive and reproduce | adaptations |
| organisms with variations most well suited to an environment will survive | natural selection |
| who developed the idea of taxonomy and binomial nomenclature | Linnaeus |
| classifying organisms | taxonomy |
| 2 to 3 word name given to specific species | binomial nomenclature |
| what are the first and second words of the binomial nomenclature | first word is genus second word is species |
| what does species usually describe | unique features or the habitat |
| what allows scientist to identify organisms according to traits | dichotomous key |
| how well suited an organism is to its environment | fitness |
| harmless creature mimics a harmful one | mimicry |
| ability to blend into environment | camoflague |
| when humans take advantage of random mutations that ended up being helpful | artificial selection |
| 3 places you can see natural selection today | drug resistant bacteria, pesticide resistant bugs, peppered moth |
| diagram (tree) of how things are related | cladogram |
| something happened or changed causing a new branch | splitting event |
| trait that is passed to the next generation | derived charcters |
| group of the same species | population |
| section of DNA that has a specific pattern of nitrogen bases | gene |
| movement of alleles into or out of a population | gene flow |
| change in allele frequency due to change | genetic drift |
| 2 types of genetic drift | bottleneck and founder effect |
| reduction in population due to a random event; this reduces genetic variation | bottleneck |
| small number of individuals become isolated from original population | founder effect |
| observable change in the allele frequency of a population | microevolution |
| have traits that fall between 2 extreme phenotypes ex: human height | normal distribution |
| type of natural selection in which population mean stablilizes on a non-extreme | stabilizing selection |
| one extreme is selected ex: white moths and dark moths | directional selection |
| extreme phenotypes are selected ex: rock pocket mice | disruptive selection |
| specification through diversification of one ancestral species | adaptive radiation |
| 3 types of responsive behavior | innate, learned, altruism |
| instinct passed from generation to generation without learning ex: taking hand off hot burner | innate |
| behavior that is taught to offspring ex: hunting | learned |
| animal sacrifices its own fitness to help other members ex: ants build bridges out of their bodies to help the swarm | altruism |
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