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Midterm 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What example is a parasite? | Honey Mushroom |
| What are the hairs called below the ground of a mushroom? | mycellium |
| Who are the heterotrophs? | Kingdom: Fungi |
| Kingdom: Fungi Facts | 1. 100K species estimated unknown species (1.5 mill) 2. Single/multicelled 3.Diverse and Widespread |
| What are the diverse and widespread facts of fungi? | - Decomposers - Yeast -Antibiotics -Disease -Symbionts (Parasites, mutualists) |
| Where can parasites be on? | plants and animals |
| Decomposers | dead, break down constituent nutrients and come right up |
| Saprotrophic | spit out digestive chemicals and make food into kind of a slurry break it down and slip it up. Soak it up & Absorb it. |
| Body structure of a fungus | - multicellular filaments and single cells (yeasts) - some species grow as filaments or yeasts (or both) - chitin in cell walls - Hyphae -mycelium |
| Hyphae | tiny filaments with septa or without (coenocytic hyphae) |
| Mycelium | network of hyphae |
| coenocytic hypha | no cell walls, free flowing, No septum |
| What is the first part of the Generalized Life Cycle of Fungi (Step 1) | Asexual Reproduction |
| Generalized Life Cycle of Fungi (Step 1) | 1. Spore-producing structures 2. Spores (n) 3. Mycelium |
| Generalized Life Cycle of Fungi (Step 2) | 1. Plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm) 2. Heterokaryotic Stage 3. Karyogamy (fusion of nuclei) 4. Zygote (2n) |
| What is the second part of the Generalized Life Cycle of Fungi ( Step 2) | Sexual Reproduction |
| Generalized Life Cycle of Fungi (Step 3) | 1. Meiosis 2. Spores (n) 3. Germination |
| Some unique fungi have specialized hyphae called ___. | haustoria |
| haustoria | allow to penetrate the tissues of their host |
| Mycorrhizae | fungi root; mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots |
| Ectomycorrhizal fungi | form sheaths of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root complex |
| Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi | extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane |
| What does the Haustoria consist of? | -Arbuscule -Fungal Hypha -Haustorium -Plant cell plasma membrane -Plant cell -Plant cell well |
| Molds | produce haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelia |
| Exploring Fungal Diversity | - Chytrids (1,000 species) - Zygomycetes (1,000 species) - Glomeromycetes (160 species) - Ascomycetes (65,000 species) - Basidiomycetes (30,000 species) |
| Primitive Fungal Diversity | Chytrids |
| Most Advanced Fungal Diversity | -Ascomycetes (65,000 species) - Basidiomycetes (30,000 species) |
| Chytriomycota | -Terrestrial and Aquatic - Decomposers, parasites, or mutualists - evolved early - only fungi having flagellated spores (zoospores) |
| Zygomycota | - fast growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts - hyphae are coenocytic - asexual sporangia produce haploid spores - Zygosporangia |
| zygosporangia | - site of karyogamy and then meiosis - resistant to harsh environmental conditions |
| Ascomycota | -Live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats - Produce sexual spores - called "cup or sac fungi" - vary in size and complexity -plant pathogens, decomposers, and symbionts - >25% symbiotic assoc. |
| symbiont: | host/symbiont relationship |
| Mutualistic | both benefit |
| parasitic | one +, host - |
| commensual | +, host 0 |
| Lichen | -Mutualistic symbiosis -Fungi gets photosynthate -Algae gets place to live |
| Ascocarp of fungus | sexual reproduction |
| soredia | asexual, pieces of lichen come off and start new |
| cordyceps | - take residence of brain of ant - ascus come out of anthead (spores burst) |
| Basidiomycota | - mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi - some form mycorrhizae and plant parasites - decomposers of wood - Basidiospores on basidium |
| basidium | phylum is defined by a clublike structure - a transient diploid stage in the life cycle |
| What are animals? | - multicellular - heterotrophs -locomotion -diploid |
| heterotrophic | ingestion--> digest--> absorb |
| choanoflagellates | - flagellated protozoa - very similar to choanocytes in sponges - possible animal ancestor |
| The common ancestor of living animals may have lived between ___ and ___ million years ago (Precambrium) | 675; 875 |
| body plan | a set of morphological and developmental traits |
| cephalization | concentration of sensory systems at one end of the body (associated with directional travel) |
| tissue | a group of closely associated, similar cells that work together to carry out specific functions |
| sponges | multicellular, have specialized cells.. but no true tissues. |
| reproduction and development | 1. zygote 2. eight-cell stage 3. cross section blastula 4. gastrulation 5. gastrula |
| 2 cavities | 1. Archenteron 2. Blastocoel |
| Animals can be characterized by "body plans" | - Hox genes that regulate the development of body form. - Hox family can produce a wide diversity of animal morphology -symmetry |
| Radial Symmetry | Cnidaria |
| Bilateria | bilateral symmetry |
| What does the Gastrula consist of? | - Blastopore - Archenteron - Ectoderm - Endoderm -Blastocoel |
| Embryonic development | 1. Diploblastic 2. Triploblastic |
| Diploblastic | 2 germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm) |
| Triploblastic | 3 germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) |
| Ectoderm | gives rise to skin and nervous system |
| endoderm | lining of digestive tract, liver, lungs, pancreas |
| mesoderm | connective tissue (bone), muscle, blood vessels, kidneys, reproductive system, and more... |
| A true body cavity is called a ___ and is derived from mesoderm | coelom |
| Coelomates | animals that possess a true coelom |
| coelomate structure | -digestive tract (endoderm) -coelom -body covering (ectoderm) - tissue layer lining coelom and suspending internal organs (mesoderm) |
| Pseudocoelomate | -digestive tract (endoderm) -pseudocoelom -body covering (ectoderm) -muscle layer (from mesoderm) |
| Acoelomate | -body covering (ectoderm) -tissue filled region (mesoderm) -wall of digestive cavity (endoderm) |
| Protosome development | 1. eight cell stage 2. spiral and determinate 3. solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom 4. mouth develops from blastopore. |
| Deuterostome development | 1. eight cell stage 2. radial and indeterminate 3. folds of archenteron form coelom 4. anus develops from blastopore |
| protostomes | characterized by spiral cleavage |
| Deuterostomes | characterized by radial cleavage |
| Acoelomates (no coelom) | - epidermis (ectoderm) - muscle layer (mesoderm) - mesenchyme (gelatin-like tissue) - epithelium (endoderm) |
| Pseudocoelomates | - Pseudocoelom - Epidermis (ectoderm) - Muscle Layer ( Mesoderm) -Epithelium (endoderm) |
| Coelomates (Tube within a tube) | -epidermis (ectoderm) -muscle layer (mesoderm) -peritoneum (mesoderm) -epithelium(endoderm) -mesentery (mesoderm) |
| Metazoa | 770 mya |
| Eumetazoa | 680 mya |
| Bilateria | 670 mya |
| 3 classes of tetrapods | - amphibia - class reptilia - class mammalia |
| class amphibia | Aquatic stages (eggs and juvenile), usually an adult terrestrial stage |
| class reptilia | -Amniotic sac or egg -Scales or feathers -Waterproof skin and developed lungs |
| class mammalia | -Amniotic sac or egg (in uterus or egg) -Fur/hair -Lactation through mammary glands |
| Advanced characteristics of vertebrates | -Large, complex brain -Complex organ systems -Most have paired appendages |
| Invertebrate Chordates: | Tunicates and Lancelets |
| Class Amphibia | Salamanders, frogs and toads |
| Chordate diversity | -Invertebrates -Vertebrates |
| Vertebrates | - fish - tetrapods |
| fish | -Jawless, cartilaginous skeleton -Jaws, cartilaginous skeleton -Jaws, bony skeleton |
| 1st step Diffusion | When lump of sugar is dropped into beaker of pure water, sugar molecules begin to dissolve and diffuse through water |
| 2nd step Diffusion | Sugar molecules continue to dissolve and diffuse through water. |
| 3rd step Diffusion | Sugar molecules become distributed randomly throughout water. |
| solute movement | diffusion |
| osmosis | solute stays, water moves |
| Isotonic solution | no net water movement |
| Hypertonic solution | net water movement out of the cell |
| Hypotonic solution | net water movement into the cell |
| If Solute Concentration in solution A is Greater, Solute Concentration in Solution B is Less. | A hypertonic to B; B hypotonic to A. |
| If Solute Concentration in Solution A is Less, Solute Concentration in Solution B is Greater. | B hypertonic to A; A hypotonic to B. |
| If Solute Concentration in Solution A is Equal , Solute Concentration in Solution B is Equal. | A and B are isotonic to each other. |
| Fluid-electrolyte homeostasis | - Osmoregulation - Excretion |
| Osmoregulation | - regulation of osmotic pressure - maintains fluids and electrolytes |
| Excretion | - Process of ridding body of metabolic wastes - excretory systems function in both osmoregulation and disposal of wastes |
| Osmoregulation | the process by which organisms control the concentration of water and salt in the body so that their body fluids do not become too dilute or too concentrated |
| Osmoconformers | - concentration of body fluids varies along with changes in the sea water -many marine invertebrates found in the open ocean |
| osmoregulators | - homeostatic mechanisms maintain optimal salt concentration in their tissues - common in estuaries |
| 4 steps of getting rid of nitrogenous wastes | 1. Filtration 2. Reabsorption 3. Secretion 4. Excretion |
| nephron | unit of urine processing |
| Protonephridia | filter interstitial fluid- mostly osmoregulatory |
| Three different types of animals | -Freshwater fish - bony marine fish - terrestrial vertebrate |
| Inflow/Outflow of Freshwater Fish | -Does not drink water - salt in -H2O in - Salt Out |
| Freshwater Fish Urine | - Large volume of Urine - Urine is less concentrated than body fluids |
| Inflow/Outflow of Bony marine fish | - Drinks water - salt in - H2O out - Salt out |
| Bony Fish Urine | - small volume of urine - urine is slightly less concentrated than body fluids |
| Inflow/Outflow of Terrestrial vertebrate | -Drinks water - Salt in - H2O and salt out |
| Terrestrial Vertebrate Urine | -Moderate volume of urine - Urine is more concentrated than body fluids |
| Urine of most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes | ammonia |
| Urine of mammals, most amphibians, sharks, and some bony fishes | Urea |
| Urine of many reptiles, insects, and land snails | uric acid |
| Phylum Cnidaria | -radial symmetry - tissues but no organs - large stomach with tentacles around orifice - two body shapes |
| Every other animal Phylum we study is Triploblastic | 3 germ layers (Ectoderm, endoderm, and Mesoderm) |
| Protostome development | 1. eight-cell stage 2. spiral and determinate 3. Solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom 4. Mouth develops from blastopore |
| Deuterostome development | 1. Eight-cell stage 2. Radial and indeterminate 3. Folds of archenteron form coelom 4. Anus develops from blastopore |
| Bilateral Symmetry and Organ Systems | - Protostomes - Deuterostomes |
| Protostomes | - Aceolomate :Platyhelminths, Coelomates |
| Deuterostomes | - No notochord: echinoderms - Notochord: chordates |
| Platyhelminthes | - 20,000 species - Found in Marine, Freshwater, and terrestrial - Free-living and parasitic, first predators |
| Platyhelminthes Body Plan | - Bilateral Symmetry - Laterally compressed (flatworms) - Acoelomate - Cephalization |
| Platyhelminthes Development | - Triploblastic - Protostomes |
| Locomotion | ciliated epidermis |
| Organ systems of free-living members | - Nutrition/ Digestion - Circulation and Gas exchange - Nervous System - Hermaphroditic or asexual |
| Nutrition/ Digestion of Free-living members | mouth, pharynx, and Gastrovascular cavity |
| Circulation and gas exchange of Free- living members | No organ, via diffusion |
| Nervous System of Free-living members | Simple brain and nerve cords, ocelli and auricles |
| Phylum Mollusca | - soft-bodied - ventral foot - visceral mass - mantle - radula - complete digestive system |
| Why Phylum Mollusca is soft-bodied? | usually CaCO3 shell |
| Why is there a ventral foot? | for locomotion |
| What is the mantle | thin-layer; - covers visceral mass - secretes shell |
| What are the molluscan classes? | - bivalve - chiton - gastropod - cephalopod |
| Phylum Annlida | - Large coelom - closed circulatory system - complete digestive system - respiratory through skin or gills -metanephridia in each segment - hydrostatic skeleton - segmented |
| Three classes of Phylum Annelida | - Polychaeta - Oligochaeta - Hirudinea |
| Phylum Arthropoda- Body Plan | Segmented with paired, jointed appendages |
| What are the segments specialized for the Arthropoda? | - Perform particular functions - opportunity for specialization of body regions |
| Phylum Arthropoda like exoskeleton of chitin | - protects against predators and helps prevent loss of moisture - supports the underlying soft tissues and provides a place for muscles to attach - Non-living, sheds - takes a lot of energy |
| Phylum Arthropoda open circulatory system | - dorsal heart, pumps hemolymph, evolved independently |
| From arteries, ___ flows into hemocoel and then re-enters the heart through ___. | hemolymph; ostia |
| Groups of Arthropods | - Chelicerates (spiders) - Myriapods |
| Crustaceans | -40,000 living - largest of 6 classes - lobsters, crabs, shrimp, stomatopods, isopods -body with cephalothorax and abdomen - most have five pairs of walking legs 20-21 segments |
| Some insects undergo "complete ___ " | metamorphosis |
| Incomplete metamorphosis of Class Insecta | - egg hatches into a mini-adult - disproportionately structured - series of molts-> approaches adult form |
| Phylum Echinodermata Body Plan | - Larvae have bilateral symmetry - most adults have pentaradial symmetry - spiny "skin" - endoskeleton- CaCO3 plates - water vascular system |
| Phylum Echinodermata facts | - complete digestive system - simple nervous system- nerve ring, no brain - usually dioecious with external fertilization |
| Phylum Chordata Characteristics | 1. flexible, supporting notochord (cartilage) 2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord 3. Pharyngeal slits (or gill slits) 4. muscular post-anal tail |
| Advanced characteristics of vertebrates | -pronounced cephalization -large, complex brain - closed circulatory system - complex digestive and osmoregulatory/excretory systems - most have paired appendages |
| Jawless fish | - cartilage, not bones - no paired appendages - rudimentary vertebrae |
| Cartilaginous fish | - no bones - jaws |
| Bony fish | - salmon, trout, clownfish, trumpet |
| 3 classes of Tetrapods | - Amphibia - Reptilia - Mammalia |
| Early amphibians (Tetrapods) | - mainly aquatic - moved onto land to find food, escape predators - had limbs strong enough to support body weight on land |
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