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CAP - Exam 3

QuestionAnswer
Alter Heat Loss Thermal Conduction, Vasomotor Response, Postural Adjustments
Thermal conduction Change in insulation, seasonal changes (grow hair), coat length/density/color, pilorection (goosebumps)
Vasomotor response Change in blood flow, vasal dilation -> promote heat loss/gain, vasal constriction -> inhibit heat loss/gain
Postural adjustments less surface area (overall), curl up, etc.
Heat Production Shivering thermogenesis, Non-shivering thermogenesis, Exercise, Specific Dynamic Action, Solar heat gain
Shivering thermogenesis Little muscle movement, heat released
Non-shivering thermogenesis Brown adipose tissue, uncoupling proteins (UCP) produce heat
Aerobic Metabolism O2 + ADP -> ATP + H2O
pH Regulation CO2 + H2O -> H+ + HCO3-
Air gas concentrations N2 -> 78% O2 -> 20.94% CO2 -> 0.04%
Pressure Barometric pressure at sea level is 1 atm. 760 mmHg or 101 KPa (kilopascal)
An increase in altitude leads to... a decrease to pressure
Limitations to Diffusion 1. Distance -> over long distances -> slow diffusion; 2. Body size that can only rely solely on diffusion -> convection movement; 3. Boundary layer (layers of unmixed gas)
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure Pb = PN2 + PO2 + PCO2 + Pother gas Ex: PN2 = PB + FN2 = 79.8 kPa PO2 = 21.2 KPa
Ficke's Law of Diffusion J = [DA(C2-C1)]/X
Mechanisms to facilitate O2 uptake Respiratory surfaces, circulatory system, respiratory pigments
Respiratory surfaces An increase in surface area leads to a decrease in thickness
Respiratory pigments Binds to oxygen
Gases in H2O PO2H2O = PO2Air
Henry's Law [O2] = PO2 = 'epsilon'; epsilon = solubility of O2 in H2O -> depends on temperature, depends on solvent
Respiratory pigments Protein; RP + O2 <=> RP-O2
Hemoglobin Most common; vertebrates only have hemoglobin; many invertebrates also have hemoglobin; Heme group -> Binds O2; 4 chains; Myoglobin -> Single chain (in muscle) 6.3 to 32 (mL O2 / 100 mL blood)
Chlorocruorin Green; Fe+ single; Polychate worms; Less O2 than Hb
Hemerytherin 2 Fe+ groups; very limited, annelids
Hemocyanin 2 Cu + 1 O2; Crustaceans & Arachnids; Blue; not bound to blood cells; suspended in Hemolymph
O2 dissociation curve Sigmoidal curve; T-State & R-State; Hb has 4 units, Myo has 1; T-State = tense; R-State = relaxed; intermediate state
What can bind to Hemoglobin? H+; Cl-; Organic phosphates
Where can you test blood for Hb? Artery & Vein
How to compare animals? P50 -> Partial pressure of O2 where you have 50% saturation; High O2 = high affinity, low O2 = low affinity
Cooperating state Hb moving from T-state to R-state; middle of sigmoidal curve (slope)
Where is smooth muscle found? GI, Respiratory & reproductive tracts; blood vessels, pupils and pilorection (goosebumps)
Describe the structure of smooth muscle Small, spindle-shaped; 2-10 micrometers long; rudimentary SR; lack t-tubules; contain myosin, actin and tropomyosin (not organized into sarcomeres); no troponin; actin (thin filament) is in greater proportion to myosin (thick filament)
How does contraction in smooth muscle work? Ca++ enters voltage-gated channel (which is opened through postganglionic axon of ANS); Ca++ binds with Calmodulin forming Ca-Calmodulin complex; Ca-calmodulin complex activates myosin-light chain kinase (MLCK); MLCK phosphorylates MLC generating cross-br
Describe T-Tubules T-tubule is an invagination in the sarcolemma which help depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate the interior of the cell; Smooth lacks this (making it contract slowly)
Created by: 1518540196
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