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Hames Chapter 19
Chapter 19 AP Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an example of a repressible operon? | trp operon |
| What kind of operon is typically on and is only turned off when the proudct is already made? | repressible operon |
| What organism has a life cycle that is almost all haploid? | fungus |
| What in the lac operon does a repressor bind to? | operator |
| What is the term for the bead like structures produced by DNA wrapping around histones? | nucleosomes |
| What are the proteins that DNA wraps around when part of chromatin or chromsomes? | histones |
| What is the inducer in the lac operon? | lactose |
| What is the effect of histone acetylation? | loosens DNA/protein complex for better access for transcription |
| What is the effect of DNA methylation? | Methyl groups bind to DNA making it inaccessible for transcription |
| What is the multicellular diploid structure in the plant life cycle? | sporophyte |
| What is the multicellular haploid structure in the plant life cycle? | gametophyte |
| What structure makes the gametes in plants? | gametophyte |
| What process makes gametes in plants? | mitosis as gametophyte is also haploid |
| What cell is produced by meiosis in the plant life cycle? | spore |
| What is the complicated two part life cycle of plants called? | alternation of generations |
| Are fungi predominantly haploid or diploid? | haploid except zygote |
| What is the process that makes gametes in animals? | meiosis as cells making gametes are diploid |
| What is the most famous tumor supressor gene, also known as the guardian angel of the cell? | p53 |
| What molecule is assisted by transcription factors? | RNA polymerase can bind better to do transcription |
| What is added to the 3' end of premRNA to make it functional mRNA? | 3' poly A tail to escape the nucleus |
| What are cancerous genes called? | oncogenes |
| What type of tumor is spreading and dangerous? | malignant |
| What is the term for when cancer cells have entered the blood stream and are now moving to other parts of the body? | metastasis |
| The type of cell division that bacteria undergo that includes their circular chromosome attaching to the plasma membrane | Binary fission |
| The area of a plant cell where the golgi bodies line up to secrete materials to become a new cell wall during cytokinesis? | Cell plate |
| The formation that occurs during prophase I where two homologous chromosomes pair up. | tetrad |
| The exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes at the chiasmata | crossing over |
| The section of a chromosome responsible for one polypeptide. | gene |
| The phase of meiosis where sister chromatids separate. | anaphase II |
| The location of meiosis in a female? | ovaries |
| The inactivated X chromosome in female cells? | Barr Body |
| what are three ways that a proto-oncogene can become an oncogene? | proto-oncogene mutates to make hyperactive protein that stimulates cell division, it is copied to make more of the protein, it is moved to the control of another promoter that is turned on more often. |
| What enzyme has to bind to the promoter to begin transcription? | RNA polymerase |
| What molecules bind to the promoter region to help the RNA polymerase bind and start transcription. | Transcription factors |
| What is the section of DNA where the RNA polymerase binds? | Promoter |
| What is the section of DNA that loops around when activator proteins bind to it and thus leads to an activated trancription factor complex that allows RNA polymerase to bind? | Enhacer DNA |
| What DNA do the activator proteins bind to? | Enhancer DNA |
| What is cut out of the mRNA primary transcript to make it functional? | introns (intervening sequences) |
| What are the pieces left that will be pieced together after the introns are cut out of the mRNA primary transcript? | exons (expressing sequences) |
| What is the primary transcript? | The mRNA before the introns have been cut out and other modifications are made to make it functional mRNA in eukaryotes. |
| What are the the looped domains made of? | They are chromatin fiber that has been looped and then attached to the scaffolding. |
| Where is the TATA box? | It is a four nucleotide sequence on the promoter where the transcription factor binds on the promoter. |
| How many chromosomes are in a cell in prophase? | 46 or 23 pairs |
| What are the female gametes and gonads? | ovum and ovaries |
| What are five methods of pre-transcriptional control? | silencer DNA, enhancer DNA, transcription factors, DNA methylation, histone acetylation |
| What organelle would most likely be associated with post translational control? | golgi body modifies the protein |
| What are the protective ends of a chromosome called? | telomeres |
| What is the male gamete and gonad? | sperm and testes |
| What kind of cells use operons? | prokaryotic |
| What are the master switches called that turn on segmenets of animal development? | hometoic genes |
| what are the three stages of the cell cycle? | interphase mitosis and cytokinesis |
| What are cells that can become more than one potential mature cell, but NOT any type of mature cell? | pluripotent stem cells |
| What is mRNA called before it is modified to become functional? | primary transcript |
| What are the three post transcriptional modifications that need to be made to the primary transcript? | 3' poly A tail, 5' GTP Cap, and snrps cut out introns and splice exons together |
| What are the two steps in gene expression | transcriptions and translation |
| Nondisjunction that ends up producing cells with one less chromosome than normal are? | monosomy |
| What is another name for trisomy 21 | Down syndrome |
| What is the diagnostic test that is a picture of your chromosomes? | kayrotype |
| What cells have a cleavege furrow and when? | animal cells and cytokinesis |
| What substance removed the CO2 from the chamber in the cell respiration lab? | KOH tablets |
| What type of cloning makes organs for organ transplant? | therapuetic cloning |
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whamesjr
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