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Env Toxicology 3
Entry and Distribution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where did the fluid mosaic model get its name? | The phosphlipids gave fluidity and the membrane proteins gave the mosaic |
| Define amphipathic. | Forms a bilayer in water due to the hydrophilicity of phosphates and the hydrophobicity of lipids |
| How are phospholipids arranged in the cellular membrane? | Grouped together with the lipids on the interior |
| Types of membrane transport | Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport Cotransport Bulk transport |
| What type of molecule is likely to enter a cell through simple diffusion? | Small non polar gases |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | Proteins allow the diffusion of molecules that could not otherwise cross the membrane. |
| Types of proteins | Channel (has a lid) Carrier(like a clam but opens both ways) |
| Example of active transport | Sodium potassium pump 3 sodiums in, 2 potassiums out. |
| Types of cotransport | symport- two molecules, one direction antiport- two molecules two directions |
| Types of bulk transport | Pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated |
| Summarize Ernest Overton's findings | Smaller molecules get in easier, and nonpolar molecules get in easier |
| octanol water coefficient calculation | concentration in the octanol divided by concentration in the water |
| Ways of entry into an animal | Inhalation, ingestion, direct contact and punctures |
| Why are epithelial cells almost always affected? | Contaminants go through cells, not around |
| Tissue types | Nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective |
| What makes epithelial tissue a good barrier? | Tight junctions and little intracellular matrix |
| Skin structure: three main layers | epidermis, dermis, hypodermis |
| Two layers o the epidermis | Dead stratum corneum and the live stratum germantivum |
| Three functions of skin | barrier, temperature regulation, sensory |
| Xenobiotic acids will absorb where, and why? | They will absorb in the stomach because acids have a higher Kow in acidic environments |
| Xenobiotic bases will absorb where, and why? | They will absorb in the small intestine because bases have a higher Kow in neutral/basic environments |
| If a contaminant gets into your bloodstream, where will it go next? | Liver |
| If a contaminant gets into the central lacteal, where will it go? | Into the lymph, then to subclavian artery where it will spread throughout your body. |
| Major regions of the pulmonary system | Nasopharyngeal, tracheobronchial, and alveolar |
| What are turbinates and how do they help protect against chemicals? | Turbinates are spongy shelves that direct air across mucus and hairs |
| What does the MCE do? | Things absorbed or caught in mucus are pushed upwards by ciliary action and into the stomach |
| What is the one defense alveoli have against foreign objects | macrophages |
| Types of toxic effects | local or systemic |
| Tubes of the circulatory system | arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
| Functions of the circulatory system | Distribution of things, temperature, and immunity |
| Where does most distribution take place and why? | Takes place in capillaries because surface area, more blood, and thin walls |
| types of capillaries | Continuous(basically everywhere, least permeable) Fenestrated(somewhat permeable in kidneys) Sinusoidal(highly permeable in liver) |
| Functions of the lymphatic system | Blood exchange, fat absorption, immunity |
| Layers in a leaf, top to bottom | cuticle epidermis pallisade vascular bundles Spongy mesophyll Epidermis with stomata |
| Sign of sulfur dioxide/sulfuric acid toxicity in plants | interveinal necrosis |
| Why NOx is bad | Will make smog, nitric acid, and ozone/PAN |
| Why VoC are bad | Contributes to ozone |
| Sign of ozone toxicity in plants | Flecking on the upper surface |
| Sign of PAN toxicity in plants | Bottom glazing of leaf |
| Sign of halogen toxicity in plants | Marginal necrosis |
| Sign of salt toxicity in plants | Browning leaves |
Created by:
swilson67
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