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final review
final review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Topography | The shape of land. Can be sloping, hilly or mountainous |
| How is the topography of an area determined | by elevation, relief, and landforms. |
| Landform | The feature of topography formed by the processes that shape earth's surface. |
| Landform region | Large area of land of land where the topography is similar |
| 3 types of landforms | plains, mnts., plateaus |
| mountain | A landform with high elevation and high relief. |
| mountain range | Group of mnts. that are closely related in shape, structure, or age |
| plateau | Landform that has high elevation and a more or less level surface |
| Scientists divided earth into 4 spheres: | Lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere |
| Core | Center of the earth |
| mantle | Thick layer that surrounds the core |
| crust | thin outer layer |
| geology | study of earth |
| map | model on a flat surface |
| globe | sphere that represents earth's entire surface |
| scale | represents distance on a map to distance on earths surface |
| symbols | to stand for features on earth's surface |
| key | group of symbols used on the map with an explanation of their meaning |
| equator | diveds earth into Northern and southern hemispheres |
| hemisphere | one half of the sphere that makes up earth's surface |
| equator | half way between the north and south pole |
| hemisphere | one half of the sphere that makes up earths surface |
| prime meridian | imaginary line that makes a half circle from the north pole to the south pole through Greenwich, England. |
| degree | 1/360 of the way around a full cirlcle |
| what can you use to find locations on earth | lines of latitude and longitude |
| starting point for measuring latitude | equator |
| map projection | framwork of lines that helps to show landmasses on a flat surface |
| pixels | satellite image made up of thousands of tiny dots |
| information gathered sinse 1970 | revolutionized mapmaking |
| How are maps made | powerful computers use satellite data |
| Satellite images | pictures of the earths surface based on data |
| digitizing | The process by which mapmakers convert the location of map points to numbers |
| GPS | Global positioning system |
| What is global positioning system is a method used for | finding latitude, longitude, and elevation of points of earth's surface using network of satellites |
| How do mapmakers represent elevation, relief, and slopes on topogrpahic maps | contour interval |
| element | composed of a single kind of atom |
| luster | term used to describe how minerals reflect light from it's surface |
| density | always remains the same |
| cleaveage | split apart easily |
| fracture | breaks apart |
| element | sbstance composed of a single atom |
| crystal | repeating pattern of mineral's particles forms a solid |
| compound | when two or more elements are combined |
| mixure | when two or more substances that are miced together but not chemically combined |
| fluoresence | ultraviolet light |
| Mohs hardness scale | ranks minerals from softness to harness |
| Crystallization of melted materials, and crystallization of materials dissolved in water | Ways minerals can form |
| vein | narrow channel or slab of a mineral that is sharply different from the surrounding rock |
| solution | mixture which one substance dissolves in another |
| source to make metals, gemstones and other material used to make many products | minerals |
| a rock that contains a metal or economically useful mineral is often called | An ore |
| 3 types of mines | strip, open-pit and shaft |
| what is necessary to remove the metal from the ore | smelting |
| what is obseved when studying a rock | color, texture, and mineral composition |
| results from the size, shape, and pattern of a rocks grain | texture |
| Metamorphic rock | formed when existing rock changed by heat, pressure or chemical reactions |
| How or igneous rocks classified | origin, texture, and mineral composition |
| instrusive rock | when magma hardens beneath the earths surface |
| porphyritic texture | This is created by large crystals scattered on a background of much smaller crystals |
| Erosion | occurs when running water or wind loosen and carry away fragments of rock. |
| Deposition | The process which sediment settles out of the water or wind carring it |
| Campaction | presses sediment together |
| Cementation | dissoved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together |
| clastic rock | sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments are squeezed together |
| organic rock | forms from the remains of plants and animals |
| Chemical rock | forms when mineral theat are dissolved in a solution crystallize |
| coral reef | skeletons that grow together and form a structure |
| Atoll | ring shaped coral island found far from land |
| Limeston | Can be found on continents in places where uplift has riased ancient sea floors above sea level |
| What can change rock into metamorphic rock | heat and pressure |
| How do scienctist classify metamorphic rocks | grains that make up the rock |
| What produces a rock cycle that builds, destroys and changes the rocks in the crust | Forces inside earth and at the surface |
| Pressure | force pushing on a surface or area |
| Outer core | layer of molton metal that surrounds the inner core |
| Inner core | dense ball of solid meal |
| How are seismic waves produces | by eathquakes |
| Crust, mantle and core | 3 main layers of earth's interior |
| heat transfer | movement of energy from a warmer object to a coller object |
| radiation, conduction, and convection | types of heat transfer |
| Density | a measure of how much mass there is in a volume |
| conduction | heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter |
| convection | transfer of heat by the movement of a heated fluid |
| convection current | flow that transferes heat within a fluid |
| What was Alfred wegeners hyposthesis | That all continents had once been joined together in a single landmass |
| Could Wegener provide a satisfactory explanation for the force that pushes or pulls the continents | No |
| Did Wegner name the supercontinent, Pangaea. | Yes |
| Pagngaia means | all lands |
| Does the term SEA FLOOR SPREADING continuesly add new material to the ocean floor | yes |
| Subduction | process by which the ocean floor singks beneath a deep ocean trench and back into the mantle, over tens of millions of yrs. |
| Plates | Lithosphere broken into separate sections |
| Faults | breaks in the earths crust where rocks have slipped past each other |
| rift vally | deep vally forms along the divergent boundary |
| convergen boundary | The place where two plates come together |
| divergent boundary | The place where two plates move apart |
| transform boundary | where two plates slip past each other |
| plate tectonics | geological theory, states that pieces of earth's lithosphere are in constan slow motion |
| Earthquake | shaking and trembling, caused by movement of rock beneath the earth |
| stress | force that acts on rock to change it's shape or volume |
| deformation | change in shape or volume |
| shearing | pushes rock in two opposite directions |
| Tension | pulls on the crust, stretching rock |
| normal fault | one block lies above the fault while the orther block lies below |
| hanging wall | The block that lies above the fault |
| footwall | the block that lies below the fault |
| reverse fault | the hanging wall slides upward past the footwall |
| Over millions of years, fault movement can change a flat plain into a towering block of mtn. True or False? | True |
| Faults do not usually occure along plate boundaries. True or False | False |
| Plateau | large area of flat land elevated high above sea level |
| 3 types of waves | P, S, and surface |
| Mercalli scale | used to rate earthquakes by describing their effects on people, buildings and land surface in a given location |
| seismographs | Instrument used to measure and record vibrations of seismic waves |
| moment magnitude scale | rates earthquakes according to the size of seismic waves as measured by mating the total energy released |
| Tsunami | Large wave |
| What is the best way to protect yourself in a earthquake | drop, cover, and hold |
| Liquefaction | loosened soft soil into liquid mud |
| volacano | weak spot in the crust |
| lava | liquid magma |
| vent | where magma leaves the volcano |
| Active volcanoe | erupting or signs of eruption |
| hot springs | this forms when groundwater heated by magma and collected in a pool |
| geothermal energy | this provides clean relieble energy provided by water heated by magma |
| calder | huge hole |
| dike | this forms when magma foreces itself across rock layers and hardens |
| sill | forms when magma squeezes between layers |
| batholith | when a large body of magma cools inside the crust, |
| cinder | steep cone shaped mountain |
| shield volcano | layers of hardened lava with wide gently sloping mtn |
| mechanical weathering | type of weathering that breaks rock into pieces by freezing and thawing. |
| Chemical weathering | process athat breaks down rock through chemical changes |
| Some rocks are permable which means | means that it is full of air spaces that allow water to seep through it |
| loam | made up of clay, sand, silt |
| subsoil | usually consist of clay and other particles washed down from the A horizon |
| litter | leaves that shed form a loose layer on the ground |
| decomposers | breaks the remains of dead organisms into smaller pieces and digest |
| soil horizon | layer of soil that differs in color and texture |
| Bedrock | solid layer of rock beneath the suface |
| soil conservation | mangament of soil to prevent it's destruction |
| 3 uses that change the land | argiculture, development, and mining |
Created by:
J.A
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