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Biology of Plants II
Edinboro University botany course - second exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which type of plants have true secondary growth? | Eudicots, woody angiosperms, and gymnosperms |
| Name the two lateral meristems | Vascular cambium and cork cambium |
| When do plants increase in diameter? | After growth in length is complete. |
| The increase in diameter of a plant after growth in length is complete is called what? | Secondary growth |
| How do vascular cambium cells look different from apical meristem cells? | Vascular cambium cells have large vacuoles. Apical meristem cells are small and appear to have large nuclei and dense cytoplasm. |
| What are the two forms of vascular cambium cells? | Fusiform and ray initials |
| Endomycorrhizae are mostly of which fungus? | Zygomycetes |
| Ectomycorrhizae are mostly of which fungus? | Basidiomycete |
| What are the photo pigments of dinophyta (dinoflagellates)? | None in many. Some have chlorphylls a and c and carotenoids peridnin. |
| What are the photo pigments of Euglenophyta (euglenoids)? | Most have none. Some have chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids. |
| What are the photo pigments of bacillariophyta (diatoms)? | None or chlorophylls a and c, and carotenoids fucoxanthin. |
| What are the photo pigments of phaeophyta (brown algae)? | chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids fucoxanthin. |
| What are the photo pigments of rhodophyta (red algae)? | chlorophyll a, phycobilins, and carotenoids |
| What are the photo pigments of chlorophyta (green algae)? | chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids |
| What is the food reserve of dinophyta (dinoflagellates)? | Starch |
| What is the food reserve for euglenophyata (euglenoids)? | Paramylon (type of polysaccharide). |
| What is the food reserve for bacillariophyta (diatoms)? | chrysolaminarin or oil and carbohydrates |
| What is the food reserve for phaeophyta (brown algae)? | laminarin or mannitol |
| What is the food reserve for rhodophyta (red algae)? | Floridean starch or glycogen |
| What is the food reserve for chlorophyta (green algae)? | Starch |
| What is the cell wall component for dinophyta (dinoflagellates)? | Layer of vesicles beneath the plasma mebrane with or without cellulose plates. |
| What is the cell wall component for euglenophyta (euglenoids)? | No cell wall. A flexible but rigid pellicle made of proteinaceous strips beneath the plasma membrane. |
| What is the cell wall component for bacilliariophyta (diatoms)? | Silica |
| What is the cell wall component for phaeophyta (brown algae)? | Cellulose embedded in a matrix of mucilaginous algin. Some have plasmodesmata. |
| What is the cell wall component for rhodophyta (red algae)? | Cellulose microfibrils embedded in a matrix (usually galactans). Many have deposites of calcium carbonate. |
| What is the cell wall componenet for chlorophyta (green algae)? | Glycoproteins, noncellulose polysaccharides or cellulose. Some have plasmodesmata. |
| What is the habitat of dinophyta (dinoflagellates)? | Mostly marine, many in freshwater, some in symbiotic relationship. |
| What is the habitat of euglenophyta (euglenoids)? | Mostly fresh, some marine. |
| What is the habitat of bacillariophyta (diatoms)? | Marine and freshwater |
| What is the habitat of phaeophyta (brown algae)? | Almost all marine. Mostly temperate and polar waters. They flourish in cold ocean water. |
| What is the habitat for rhodophyta (red algae)? | Mostly marine. Approximately 100 freshwater species. Many found in tropical waters. |
| What is the habitat for chlorophyta (green algae)? | Mostly aquatic freshwater and marine. Many in symbiotic relationships. |
| What is the cellular structure of dinophyta (dinoflagellates)? | unicellular autotrophs |
| What is the cellular structure of euglenophyta (euglenoids)? | Unicellular autotrophic and heterotrophic |
| What is the cellular structure of bacillariophyta (diatoms)? | Unicellular autotrophs |
| What is the cellular structure of phaeophyta (brown algae) | multicellular |
| What is the cellular structure of rhodophyta (red algae)? | Mostly multicellular |
| What is the cellular structure of chlorophyta (green algae)? | Unicellular, multicellular and colonial. |
| True or false? Algae have the complex tissues of xylem and phloem. | False. They can have conducting cells that look like sieve elements. |
| True or false? Euglenoids are microscopic and self propelling. | True. They also photosynthesize and move towards the light by their stigma or "eye spot". |
| Which algae is responsible for the red tide blooms? | dinophyta (dinoflagellates). They are unicellular marine organisms that are quick to reproduce and produce toxins that kill fish. |
| Bacilliariophyta (diatoms) are unicellular or multicellular? | Unicellular |
| Which algae phylum is found deep in warm tropical waters? | Rhodophyta (red algae) |
| Which algae makes plates? | Rhodophyta (red algae) |
| Which is the most common phylum of algae? | Chlorophyta (green algae) 7,000 species |
| Plants probably came from... | Algae |
| Which algae phylum is believed to be the ancestors of plants? | chlorophyta. Resembles green plants because. 1. chlorophylls a and b; 2. Food reserve is starch stored inside plastids; 3. firm cell walls made of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectic substances; 4. Flagellated reproductive cells resemble those of plants. |
| What are some examples of chlorophyta (green algae)? | chlamydomonas (unicellular), volvox (colonial), Desmid (unicellular), Codium (multicellular and macroscopic). |
| Which algae can also grow in snow and soil? | chlorophyta |
| What are the unique characteristics of chlamydomonas (green algae)? | *Unicellular. *Motile. *Single large chloroplast. *Stigma or eye spot. *Chloroplast contains pyrenoid surrounded by starch grains. *No cellulose. *Two flagella. |
| Which algae can be forced to do sexual reproduction when starving? | chlamydomonas and volvox (green algae). |
| Which algae reproduce through conjugation? | chlamydomonas and spirogyra. |
| Define isogamy | Sexual reproduction where gametes look identical including size and flagella. |
| Define anisogamy | Sexual reproduction where both male and female gametes are motile, but one is small (male) and the other is large (female). |
| Define Oogamy | Sexual reproduction when there is a large nonmotile gamete (female) and a small motile gamete (male). |
| True or false? The green algae volvox colony is motile? | True. the entire colony moves around. |
| What are examples of the phaeophyta (brown algae)? | Kelp, sargassum, fucus or rockweed. |
| Define zygote | The diploid (2n) cell resulting from the fusion of male and female gametes. |
| What are the defining characteristics of spirogyra? | *Can reproduce asexually by breaking or fragmentation and mitosis. *Have long sprial chloroplasts. *conjugation - Sexual reproduction when filaments merge and contents of one cell move into another. *Sometimes a filament can conjugate within itself. |
| Which algae are desmids related to? | spirogyra. |
| Describe the sexual reproduction of oedogonium | A large Oogonium female gament and antheridium merge to forma zygote. |
| Describe the sexual reproduction of ulothrix | Gametes have two flagella. Gametes fuse flagella to flagella. |
| Where is the phaeophyta (brown algae) intercallary meristem located? | Where the blade and the stipe come together. This allows the harvesting of the plant year after year. |
| What turns brown algae brown? | carotenoids called xanthophylls |
| True or false? Fucus has asexual reproduction. | False. Fucus has only sexual reproduction. Fucus individuals are diploid. |
| What does the fucus thallus hold that is invovled in sexual reproduction? | The Receptacle (fat end of thallus) with the conceptacles (houses the Oogonia and antheridia). |
| Which algae do people eat? | red and brown |
| Microscopic photosynthetic algae and cyanobacteria are found in what? | phytoplankton. |
| Which algae consume particles and can act as heterotrophs? | Dinoflagellates, euglenoids, and green algae. |
| What are some of the uses for algae? | Food, sodium and potassium salts, fertilizer, thickening agents (food, textile, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, paper and welding), production of agar, important in carbon and sulfar cycling. |
| What is the importance of agar from algae? | Capsules that contain vitamins and drugs, dental impressions material, cosmetics, culture medium for bactiera, eletrophoresis, anti-drying agent in baked goods, rapid setting jellies and desserts, Preservative for meat and fish. |
| Do dinoflagellates have flagella? | Yes, two within grooves. One groove encircles the body like a belt and the second is perpendicular to the first. This arrangment causes the dinoflagellates to spin like a top. |
| What is derived from fusiform initials? | Secondary xylem and secondary phloem. |
| How does vascular cambium divide to form xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside? | Periclinally (increases volume) |
| The vascular cambium divides anticlinally to produce more what? | Fusiform initials |
| Is there more secondary xylem or phloem? | Much more secondary xylem |
| What are the defining characteristics of parenchyma rays? | The parenchyma cells are alive, the rays move food from secondary phloem to secondary xylem and water from secondary xylem to secondary phloem. They also store starch, proteins and lipids. |
| The vascular cambium is also called what when you consider the initials and immediate derivatives? | Cambial zone. It is difficult to distinguish initials from deriviatives. |
| True or false. The vascular cambium in stems froms a circle at the beginning of its development? | True |
| Large xylem vessels are laid down when? | big vessels in the spring and small vessels in the summer. |
| What are lenticels and why are they important? | They are eruptions or openings in the periderm that allow for gas exchange. |
| During secondary growth what happens to the root endodermis, cortex and epidermis? | It is sloughed off. |
| In the stem the periderm forms outside of the cortex during secondary growth. What ultimately happens to the stem cortex? | It is crushed against the periderm. |
| Vascular cambium that froms from the pericylce forms what kind of rays in vascular tissue of the root? | Wide rays. |
| Where does the cork cambium originate in the stem? | Outer layer of the cortex beneath the epidermis. |
| Phellem is? | Cork |
| Phellogen is? | cork cambium |
| Phelloderm is? | Cork skin |
| What are the defining characteristics of cork cells | tightly packed, cell walls have suberin and wax, impermeable to water and gases, dead at maturity. |
| Which cells of the cork dead and which are alive? | Cells in the cork cambium and cork skin are alive. Cork itself is dead. |
| For secondary growth when is the cortex shed in the root? | Immediately |
| What is the pericylces function during secondary growth? | Inner cells become vascular cambium and outer cells become cork cambium. |
| How do you identify the bark? | All tissue outside of the vascular cambium including the phloem and periderm. |
| What makes up the outer bark? | Periderm |
| What makes up the inner bark? | secondary phloem |
| Describe heartwood | In the center of the wood, dark in color, contains lignin, usually not alive, does not conduct. |
| Describe sapwood | Lighter in color, alive, conducting |
| Describe tangential surface | Perpendicular to the radial section. Top to bottom of the edge of a piece of pie. Can see the tips of rays. |
| Describe the radial surface | Side of a piece of pie from center out. Can see the rays. |
| Describe cross section surface | The top of a slice of pie. Can see the growth rings. |
| The latin name for oak is what? | Quercus |
| When can cork be commercially harvested? | When trees are approximately 20 years old. Cork can be harvested once every 10 years up until the tree is about 150 years old. |
| Do woody monocots have a vascular cambium? | No, they do not. However, palms have a primary thickening meristem. A lot of primary tissue is produced which increases the girth of the plant. A lot of primary phloem fibers and vessels surrounded by fibers gives the plant a woody appearance. |
| How does the Joshua tree, "Yucca brevifolia", increase in girth when it is a monocot and does not have true secondary growth? | A vascular cambium is located outside the outermost ring of vascular bundles (scattered vascular bundles). This cambium produces only parenchyma cells that differentiate into more vascular bundles. Outermost cells develop into fibers w/ thick 2nd walls. |
| Where can you usually find the lenticles? | They begin to form during development of the 1st periderm. In the stem they are found below the stoma or group of stomata. Can also be found on apples and pears. |
| The bark includes all tissue outside of the... | Vascular cambium including the periderm (phelloderm, phellogen, and phellum) and the phloem. Outer bark = periderm. Inner bark = phloem |
| True or false. Periderms continue to be added as the plant increases in size and secondary phloem is sloughed off. | True |
| Where is the inner bark? | Inside the innermost cork cambium and inward toward the vascular cambium. Made of living tissue. |
| Which plants are hard woods? | Angiosperms (flowering plants). Magnoliid and eudicot woods. |
| Which plants are softwoods? | Conifers |
| What are the defining characteristics of conifers or softwoods? | Lack vessels and only have tracheids, small amount of axial or wood parenchyma, The only parenchyma cells of the axial system are with the resin ducts, have bordered pits on radial walls. |
| Define resin duct. | An intercellular space surrounded by thin walled parenchyma cells that secrete resin into duct. Resin protects plant from attack by fungi. Result of wounding, injuries and pressure. |
| Define a torus | Torus is found the tracheid bordered pits of conifer plants. It is thickened central portion o fthe pit membrane. |
| How wide are the rays of pinus? | Rays are one cell wide and 1 to 15 cells high except where a resin duct is located. |
| What are the defining characteristics of hardwoods or angiosperms? | The axial system has vessel elements, tracheids, fibers and parenchyma cells. Rays can be several cells wide and hundreds of cells high. The rays are very large and average 21% of the volume of hardwood. |
| Where can you find most of the rings in a tree trunk? | The oldest part of the trunk occurs at the ground, therefore; more rings occur at the bottom than at the top. |
| How can you tell the difference between early wood and late wood? | Early wood is less dense, larger, and is wider with thinner walls. Late wood has narrower, but thicker cells that are smaller. |
| Describe ring porous woods | Pores (vessels) of early wood are distinctly larger than those of the late wood. Growth rings are clearly visible. |
| Describe diffuse-porous woods | Pores (vessels) are fairly uniform in distribution and size througout the growth layer. Cannot identify growth rings. |
| Define tyloses | Balloonlike outgrowths from ray or axial parenchyma cells pushed through pit cavities in vessel walls. |
| Define compression wood | Found on the underside of conifers and causes straightening by expanding or pushing the trunk or limb upright. More lignin and less cellulose. |
| Define tension wood | Found on the upperside of angiosperms and is the result of increased activity of the vascular cambium. |
| Plant phylum name always ends in... | phyta |
| Plant class name always ends in... | opsida |
| Plant order name always ends in... | ales |
| Plant family name always ends in... | aceae |
| What is the largest herbarium in the world and in the united states respectively? | The Q Garden in london and the New York botanical garden. |
| A species name includes what? | The genus and the specific epithet |
| What does it mean when a plant is a "type"? | The "type" is the original plant in a herbarium that all other specimans are compared against. All naming of plants must be compared to the tupe. If a plant has never been named then it becomes the type. |
| What is the biological species definition? | Organisms look alike and are genetically alike. When they breed they produce viable offspring. Note: this does not work for a definition of plant species. Plants that are not even in the same genera can interbreed and produce viable offspring. |
| What is the plant species definition? | A group of individuals with a unique set of characteristics that can breed and produce viable offspring. The same species must share 100% of the characteristic set. |
| What is the alpha taxonomy definition of species put forth by professor Cronquist? | A species is a group of individuals that are consistently and persistently different from others around them, can be identifiable by ordinary means, and produce viable offspring. |
| What does persistent and consistent mean in the alpha taxonomy defintion of plant species? | Consistent = Every time you see the plant it looks the same. Persistent = Generation after generation the same species is produced and they look the same. |
| What is the whole point to taxonomy? | To understand phylogenetic relationships. Provides us with a frame of reference. We classify the things important to us or that we care about. |
| What are the three phylum of fungi discussed in class? | Ascomycota, zygomycota, basidiomycota |
| Is zygomycota aseptate or septate? | Aseptate, coenocytic |
| Is ascoymycota aseptate or septate? | Septate |
| Is basidiomycota aseptate or septate? | Septate with dolipore |
| What is the method of asexual reproduction in zygomycota? | nonmotile spores (sporangiospores) |
| What is the method of asexual reproduction in ascomycota? | Budding, conidia (nonmotile spores), fragmentation. |
| What is the method of asexual reproduction in basidiomycota | budding, conidia and fragmentation |
| What is the type of sexual spore of the zygomycota? | Zygospore (in zygosporangium) |
| What is the type of sexual spore of the ascomycota? | Ascospore |
| What is the type of sexual spore of the basidiomycota? | Basidiospore |
| What are examples of zygomycota? | Bread mold, Rhizopus, endomycorrhizal fungus. |
| What are examples of ascomycota? | powdery mildews on leaves, morels and truffles |
| What are examples of basidiomycota | mushrooms, stinkhorns, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts and smuts. |
| What is taxonomy? | ID, naming and classifying of species. |
| Who started binomial nomenclature; naming species with genus and species instead of polynomial sentence description? | Carl Linnaeus |
| Define taxon | General term for any of the one taxonomic categories such as genus, class, order,species |
| Define phylogeny | Evolutionary relationships among organisms. |
| Define cladistics | A form of phylogenetic analysis that explicity seeks to understand phylogentic relationships. Focuses on the branching of one lineage from another in the course of evolution. |
| Define cladogram | A graphical representation of a working model, or hypothesis, of the phylogenetic relationships of a group of organisms. |
| Define monophyletic | An ancestor and all its descendants. |
| How are fungi important? | *Causel agent for plant and human disease. *Economic impact on crop and gardens. *Produce ethanol and CO2 (role in baking and brewing). *Produce cheese. *Produce antibiotics. *Toxic waste cleanup. *Principal decomposer on the planet. |
| What is the mutual symbitoic relationship between roots and fungi called? | Mycorrhizae At least 80% of vascular plants have mycorrhizae. |
| Define fungi septa | Partitions or crosswalls that divide the hyphae of the mycelium. |
| What is the female reproductive structure with numerous nuclei of the ascomycota? | Ascogonium |
| What is the male reproductive structure with numerous nuclei of the ascomycota? | Antheridium |
| What is the structure called that merges the ascogonium and the antheridium in the ascomycota called? | Trichogyne |
| Define Plasmogamy | Union of the protoplasts of gametes without the union of their nuclei |
| Define karyogomy | The union of two nuclei following fertilization or plasmogamy. |
| How many ascospores are in the ascus of the ascomycota? | eight |
| What do you call a unicellular ascomycete that reproduces asexually by budding? | Yeast. Most yeasts are of ascomycota, but there are yeasts found in basidiomycoto and zygomycota. |
| What are examples of deutermycota (fungi imperfecti or conidial fungi)? | pencillium and aspergillus. Miscellaneous group of about 17,000 fungi species. They have an unknown sexual reproduction. Most are ascomycota. |
| What are the classes in the phylum basidiomycota? | hymenomycetes(mushrooms, shelf fungus,jelly fungus) and gastromycetes (puffballs, stinkhorns, birds nest, and earthstar), Teliomycetes (rusts) and ustomycetes(smuts) |
| Define lichens | Mutualistic symbiotic relationship between algae and ascomycota. They can live in the harshest of environments. There are 350 species in antarctica. Important in primary succession. Grow very slowly. |
| What are three types of lichens | Crustose (crusty), Foliose (leafy), and fruticose (erect and branching) |
| what is the function of a border pit in tracheid? | Conduction |
| What has filled up the vessels of heartwood? | Tyloses which are outgrowths of parenchyma cells. |
| Fungi cell walls are made of what? | chitin (polysaccharide also found in hard shells and exoskeletons). |
| Fungi are heterotrophic absorbers. How do they absorb nutrients? | Secrete enzymes (exozymes) on a food source and absorb smaller molecules. They absorb food at or near growing tips of hyphae. |
| Define saprophytes | Fungi living on dead organic material. |
| True or false. Rhizoids are roots. | False. Rhizoids anchor fungi, but do not absorb water and do not have the internal structure of roots. |
| Define haustoria | specialized fungi hyphae found in parasitic fungi. Absorb nourishment directly from other cells. |
| Are fungi spores motile or nonmotile? | nonmotile. They are transported by wind, stick to bodies of insects and arthropods, and propelled into air. |
| What are the methods of asexual reproduction in fungi? | Sporangia in a sporangium, conidia in conidiophore, fragmentation or budding. |
| What is the diploid structure in the life cycle of a fungus? | Zygote |
| Meiosis in the life cycle of a fungus produces what? | Haploid spores. |
| Which fungi phylum is the largest? | ascomycota with 32,300 species. |
| True or false. Edible morels and truffles are from the phylum ascomycota. | True |
| What is the tip of the ascogenous hyphae with apical cells called? | Crozier. Karyogamy,meiosis I, Meiosis II, and mitosis occur here to produce and ascus with eight ascospores. |
| Which fungi phylum is the most familiar to us? | Basidiomycota with 22,300 species including mushrooms, shelf fungi, stinkhorns, puffballs, earthstar, birds nest, rusts and smuts. |
| What is unique about the basidiomycota septum? | They have dolipores where the pore of the septum has a doughnut shaped margin. |
| Define clamp connections | Only found in basidiomycota. Located in the apcial cells of the dikaryotic mycelium. Is where meiosis takes to basidium with basidiospores. |
| What triggers the growth of the basidioma | light and low CO2 levels. |
| Do teliomycetes (rusts) and ustomycetes (smuts) produce basidioma? | No, their spores are found in clusters called sori. |
| Are teliomycetes heteroecious (two different hosts for life cylce or autoecious (one host required for life cycle)? | heteroecious |
| Are ustomycetes heteroecious (two hosts to compelete life cycle) or autoecious (one host required to complete life cycle). | Autoecious |
| What are the two kinds of mycorrhizae? | Endomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae |
| Are there more endomycorrhizae or ectomycorrhize? | 80% of vascular plants have endomycorrhizae. Most are zygomycota (200 species). Very unspecific. |
| Endomycorrhizae are important because? | They absorb phosphorus for the plant host. They form abuscles (branched) and vesicles (swellings). |
| Are ectomycorrhizae have specific or unspecific fungi? | Most fungi ectomycorrhize are of basidiomycota. There are 5,000 species which mean the fungus is very plant specific. Found in 20% of the vascular plants. |
| What are examples of ectomycorrhizae? | fagaceae (beech and oak). Salicaceae (willow, poplar, and cottonwoods). and Pinaceae (pines) |
| Why is ectomycorrhizae important? | Help plants with carbon uptake. |
| Where do you find a hartig net? | In roots of plants involved in ecotmycorrhizae. |
| What is another kinds of mycorrhizae? | Ericaceae (heather family). Fungus is 80% of mycorrhizal weight. Found in wet acidic soils, swampy areas poor in nitrogen. Fungus involved in uptake of nitrogen. Ascomycota and basidiomycota involved. Increased tolerance for heavy metal poisoning. |
| What is believed to be a prerequistie for plants to move from water to soil? | Mycorrhizae. |
| What is another kind of mycorrhizae? | Orchidaceae (orchid family). Involved in the germination of seeds. Looks like dust. Supplies carbon to seedlings. More than 100 species of basidiomycota is involved. Not highly specific. |
| Are there more rusts or smuts? | rusts (7,000 species) more than smuts (1,070 species). |
| What is the name of the yeast that is important in wine, beer, cider, sake, and bread production | Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| How do conidial fungi (deuteromycetes, fungi imperfecti) asexually reproduce? | conidia and condiophores. |
| Name two mutualistic symbiotic relationships | Lichen and mycorrhizae. |
| Define a lichen | A mutualistic symbiotic relationship between fungus and a population of algae or cyanobacteria. |
| What is the fungal component of a lichen called? | mycobiont |
| What is the photosynthetic component of a lichen? | photobiont |
| Which fungus is more involved in lichens? | Ascomycota (98%) versus basidiomycota (2%). |
| How do lichens reproduce? | Fragmentation. Powdery propagules called soredia or small outgrowths called isidia. Fungus reproduces by ascospores, conidia or basidiospores. |
| What are unique characteristics of lichens? | Biogeochemical weathering of rocks to form soil. *Contribute fixed nitrogen to the soil. *Sensitve indicators of toxic air components (esp. sulfur dioxide). Lichens can detect the distribution of heavy metals. |
| Branched structures called arbuscules and terminal swellings called vesicles are found in what? | Endomycorrhizae. Arbuscules increase surface area and vesicles may be storage. |
| Define the mantle | A sheath of hyphae that covers the root surface. |
| True or False. Algae are photosynthetic. | True. Most algae are photosynthetic. |
| True or False. Algae have xylem and phloem | False. |
| True or False. Algae are simple structures. | True. They are single cells, filaments, plates of cells, solid bodies and multicellular. |
| Which algae are unicellular? | Euglenophyta, dinophyta, bacillariophyta, and Chlorphyta (also colonial and multicellular). |
| Which algae are multicellular? | Phaeophyta, rhodophyta, and chlorophyta. |
| Chlorophyta algae resemble green plants in what ways? | Chlorophylls A and B, Starch is the storage carbohydrate inside plastids, firm cell walls with (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectic substances), flagellated reproductive cells. |
| Is a colony of volvox motile? | YES. |
| What are examples of phaeophyta (brown algae). | Kelp, sargassum, fucus. |
| Where do you find conjugation tubes in algae? | In chlamydomonas and spirogyra |
| Where is the intercallary meristem in phaeophyta algae? | Where the blade and stipe come together. |
| Which life cycle occurs in conceptacles within receptacles? | Fucus or rockweed of phaeophyta |
| Which algae can you force to do sexual reproduction by starvation? | Volvox and chlamydomonas |
| Define plankton | Minute photosynthetic cells and tiny animals. |
| Define phytoplankton | photosynthetic algae and cyanobacteria |
| Which algae are heterotrophic and feed on particles? | dinophyta, euglenophyta and chlorphyta. |
| What is unique about dinoflagellate flagella? | There are two flagella within grooves. One groove encircles the body like a belt and the second is perpendicular to the first. The algae therefore spins like a top when it moves. |
| What is the cell wall of the dinoflagellates called? | Theca. The theca is made of stiff cellulose plates and it looks like a helmet or armor. |
| Define mixotrophy | Alga that can photosynthesis and absorb or ingest organic compounds. |
| True or false. During periods of unfavorable conditions dinoflagellates form resting cysts. | True. The cysts remain viable for years. |
| Define Pellicle | Cell wall of the euglenoids. Made of protein. Flexible but rigid and allows cell to change shape. |
| How many flagellum do the euglenoids have? | One single long flagellum and one non-emergent flagellum. |
| How do euglenoids reproduce? | Asexual reproduction by mitosis. |
| What is the name for diatom (bacillariophyta) cell walls? | Frustules. Walls consist of two halves made of silica and fit together like a petri dish. Walls have ornamentation. Pennate is bilaterally symmetrical. Centric is radially symmetrical. |
| What is the resting stage of diatoms? | Heavy frustules cause the diatom to sink to the bottom. It will germinate when nutrients improve. Diatoms require silica. |
| What is the basic structure of the brown algae (phaeophyta)? | Thallus |
| What are the two major lineages of brown algae? | Ectoparpus - have starch producing pyrenoids in their plastids. Laminaria - without pyrenoids. |
| How is algin important? | A mucilaginous intercellular material derived from kelp. Stabilizer and emulsifier for foods and paint, produces flexiblity and strength for algae to withstand stress of waves and currents. Reduces drying and increases buoyancy. |
| What is unique about coralline algae? | Red algae with calcium carbonate in cell walls. Adds structural stability to reef. |
| How do red algae reproduce? | Asexually by discharging spores called monospores that attach to the substrate and divide by mitosis. |
| How are red algae cells connected? | Primary pit connections that develop at cytokinesis. |
| Hydrodictyon is a green algae also known as... | water net. It is a nonmotile colony. |
| Volvox is a motile green algae colony that has what type of sexual reproduction? | Oogamous. One large nonmotile gamete and one small motile gamete. |
| Desmids are related to... | Spirogyra |
| What do you call the narrow constriction between the two halves of or semi-cells of desmids? | Isthmus |
| What are the two phylum of bryophytes? | Bryophyta (mosses) and hepatophyta (liverworts) |
| In bryophytes the typical plant structure is called... | Gametophyte. |
| What do mosses, liverworts and ferns need to transport sperm to the egg? | Water |
| What is the simplest of all living plants? | Liverworts with 6,000 species. |
| Do liverworts have complex conducting tissue? | No. They also do not have roots, shoots, leaves, xylem or phloem. |
| Describe alterations of generations | The life cycle alternates between a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte. Meiosis occurs in the sporophyte to produce haploid spores. |
| True or False. Liverworts and mosses have male and female plants. | True. |
| Define elaters | They expand and contract to assist with releasing of spores. |
| Which is the dominant plant in liverworts and mosses? | The gametophyte. The sporophyte is attached to the gametophyte and grows at its expense. |
| What looks like palm trees in the liverworts? | The archegonial (female) heads. |
| How do liverworts undergo asexual reproduction? | Gemma cups. There are tiny plantlets inside the cups that fall out and grow new plants. |
| What are the two types of moss gametophytes? | protonema or protonemata and leafy gametophyte. |
| Do mosses have vascular tissue? | No, but they do have water conducting cells called hydroids and food conducting cells called leptoids. |
| True or False. Only the female bryophyte plants have sporophyte? | True. |
| What is the name of the teeth structures in the capsule of the moss sporophyte that controls dispersal of spores? | Peristome |
| What is the name of the cap on the top of the capsule on the moss sporophyte? | Operculum |
| Is the moss sporophyte photosynthetic? | Yes; however, at maturity it loses chlorophyll and turns yellow. |
| What is the fern phylum we learned about in class? | Pterophyta |
| What is the heart shaped haploid fern gametophyte called? | Prothallus |
| Does the prothallus have vascular tissue? | No |
| What is it called when young fern leaves curl? | Cercinate vernation |
| What is the dominant plant in ferns? | the diploid sporophyte is dominant over the haploid gametophyte. |
| How are spores packaged in ferns? | Packets of sporangia called sori hold spores. |
| What is the name of the cover over the fern sori? | Indusium |
| How are the spores dispered from the sori in ferns? | The sori matures and drys out. The cells of the indusium shrink back and the spores are flicked out. |
| Where is the archegonia and antheridia found on the fern gametophyte? | The archegonia is found near the notch in the heart and the antheridia is found further down. |
| The sporophyte (typical plant) grows at the expense of the... | gametophyte. |
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