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Biology Study Guide

Module 7 Study Guide

QuestionAnswer
1a. Genetics The science that studies how characteristics get passed from parent to offspring.
1b. Genetic factors The general guideline of traits determined by a person's DNA.
1c. Environmental factors Those "nonbiological" factors that are involved in a person's surroundings such as the nature of the person's parents, the person's friends, and the person's behavioral choices.
1d. Spiritual factors The factors in a person's life that are determined by the quality of his or her relationship with God.
1e. Gene A section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein of a portion of protein, thereby causing a trait.
1f. Messenger RNA The RNA that performs transcription.
1g. Anticodon A three-nucleotide base sequence on tRNA.
1h. Codon A sequence of three nucleotide bases on mRNA that refers to a specific amino acid.
1i. Chromosome DNA coiled around and supported by proteins, found in the nucleus of the cell.
1j. Mitosis A process of asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells.
1k. Interphase The time interval between cellular reproduction.
1l. Centromere The region that joins two sister chromatids.
1m. Mother cell A cell ready to begin reproduction, containing duplicated DNA and centrioles.
1n. Karyotype The figure produced when the chromosomes of a species during metaphase are arranged according to their homologous pairs.
1o. Diploid cell A cell with chromosomes that come in homologous pairs.
1p. Haploid cell A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair.
1q. Diploid number (2n) The total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell.
1r. Haploid number (n) The number of homologous pairs in a diploid cell.
1s. Meiosis The process by which a diploid (2n) cell forms gametes (n).
1t. Gametes Haploid cells (n) produced by diploid cells (2n) for the purpose of sexual reproduction.
1u. Virus A non-cellular infectious agent that has two characteristics: (1). It has genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protective protein coat. (2). It cannot reproduce on its own.
1v. Antibodies Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents.
1w. Vaccine A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies which can aid in destroying the pathogen.
2. A DNA strand has the following sequence of nucleotides: guanine, cytosine, adenine, adenine, thymine, guanine. What will the mRNA sequence be? b. How many amino acids will the mRNA code for? c. How many codons will the mRNA have? Cytosine, guanine, thymine, thymine, uracil, cytosine. Two. Two.
2d. What are the anticodons on the tRNAs that will bond to the mRNA? Guanine, cytosine, adenine and adenine, uracil, guanine.
3. Fill in the blanks: a. Transcription. b. Translation.
4. An RNA strand has an anticodon. Is it tRNA or mRNA? tRNA.
5. Protein synthesis is occurring in a ribosome. Is this a part of transcription or translation? Translation.
6. Suppose scientists determine that a set of genes is significantly more prevalent in murderers than in the population at large. Would that mean that murderers are not at fault for what they do? Why or why not? No. Because anyone can control their genetic tendencies.
7. If you look under a microscope and see distinct chromosomes in a cell, is the cell in interphase? Why or why not? No. Because it is carrying on normal life functions, so the chromosomes won't be in distinct organization.
8. List (in order) the four stages of mitosis. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
9. Identify the stage of mitosis for each of the following pictures: a. Telophase. b. Prophase. c. Metaphase. d. Anaphase.
10. The diploid number of a cell is 16. What is its haploid number? Eight.
11. The haploid number of a cell is 9. What is its diploid number? Eighteen.
12. What is the difference between a gamete and a regular animal cell? A gamete cell is only half (23 chromosomes) of a regular cell.
13. List (in order) all the stages of meiosis. Prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II.
14. Which is closer to mitosis: meiosis I or meiosis II? Meiosis I.
15. A single cell with seven pairs of homologous chromosomes goes through meiosis I. How many cells result at the end of meiosis I? How many chromosomes exist in each cell? Are the chromosomes in each cell duplicated or not? Two. Seven. They are not duplicated.
16. Four cells that originally (prior to meiosis I) had seven pairs of homologous chromosomes go through meiosis II. How many cells result? How many (total) chromosomes exist in each cell? Are the chromosomes in each cell duplicated or not? Eight. Seven. They are not duplicated.
17. What are the gametes produced in male animals called? Sperm.
18. How many useful gametes are produced in the meiosis of male animals? What about female animals? Four. One.
19. What is the difference between a polar body and an egg? If a polar body is fertilized, the resulting zygote will quickely degenerate and die. Only the large gamete can produce a viable zygote.
20. Which gamete can move on its own: the male gamete or the female gamete? Male gamete.
21. What is the purpose of the lytic pathway? To create new viruses.
22. If a virus uses DNA as its genetic material, is it alive? Why or why not? No. Because it does not reproduce on it's own account.
23. A person decides to wait until he contracts measles before getting the vaccine. What is wrong with this strategy? By the time he gets the measles it will be too late.
Created by: LiseBrinkley
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