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Palestine - A&P
Palestine - A&P - Cardio/Blood - Roberson
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are Erythrocytes? | RBC's; lacks a nucleus and most of the other organelles; After leaving bone marrow, they circulate in blood stream for 120 days and then start to deteriorate. Destroyed by liver and spleen. |
| What is hemoglobin? | A protein that contains iron. (Door to door oxygen delivery)Hemoglobin also carries some CO2 from the tissues to the lungs for eliminations. |
| What is erythropoietin? | A hormone that stimulates red cell production. |
| What are Leukocytes? | WBC's; Do contain nuclei and varying shapes and sizes; colorless; |
| What are granulocytes? | Granular leukocytes; They show visible granules in the cytoplasm when stained. |
| What are Neutrophils? | Stain with either acidic or basic dyes and show lavender granules. (Show infection) |
| What are Eosinophils? | Stain with acidic dyes and have beadlike, bright pink granules; (Worm or parasite infested) |
| What are Basophils? | Stain with basic dyes and have large, dark blue granules that often obscure the nucleus. (Allergic reaction) |
| What are Polymorphs? | It means "many forms" - Neutrophils b/c of their various shapes. |
| Why are neutrophils also called "segs"? | B/c of their segmented nucleus. |
| What are agranulocytes? | Leukocytes that lack easily visible granules. |
| What are Lymphocytes? | The second most numerous of the white blood cells. Originate in red bone marrow, develop to maturity in lymphoid tissue, and multiply in this tissues as well; active in immunity |
| What is phagocytosis? | The engulfing of foreign matter. |
| What are blood platelets? | The smallest of all the formed elements; These tiny structures are not cells in themselves but rather fragments constantly released from giant bone marrow cells. |
| What are megakaryocytes? | The giant bone marrow cells that release blood platelets. |
| What is vasoconstriction? | Reduction in a vessel's diameter. |
| What are procoagulants? | Compounds that promote clotting. |
| What are anticoagulants? | Compounds that prevent clotting. |
| Name in order the steps involved in blood clot formation. | 1.Prothombinase 2. Prothrombin 3. Thrombin 4. Fibrinogen 5. Fibrin threads 6. Blood cells/and plasma 7. Clot |
| What is the Rh Factor? | A red cell antigen group that 85% of the U.S. population has. It is also called the D antigen. If you have it you will be RH positive; If you don't you will be Rh negative. |
| What is autologous? | A person can donate his or her own blood before undergoing elective surgery to be used during surgery if needed. |
| What is hemapheresis? | In blood donations the desired components are separated, and the remainder is returned to the donor. |
| What is plasmapheresis? | In blood donations, the plasma is removed and the other components are returned to the donor. |
| What is cryoprecipitate? | When frozen plasma is thawed it is the white precipitate that forms in the bottom of the container. |
| What is hematocrit? | The volume percentage of red cells in whole blood, is determined by spinning a blood sample in a high-speed centrifuge ofr 3-5 minutes to separate the cellular elements from the plasma. |
| How is hematocrit expressed? | As the volume of packed red cells per unit volume of whole blood. |
| What does a Hemoglobin (Hgb)test measure? | O2 & RBC |
| What are the lab values for Hemoglobin? | Men - 14-17g/dL Women 12-15g/dL |
| What does a Hematocrit (Hct) test measure? | Volume % of RBCs per specific unit/volume |
| What are the lab values for Hematocrit? | Men 42-54% Women 36-46% |
| What does a RBC test measure? | # of RBCs per volume of whole blood |
| What are the lab values for RBC? | 4.5 - 5.5 mcL |
| What does a WBC test measure? | # of WBCs per volume of whole blood |
| What are the lab values for WBC? | 5,000 - 10,000 uL |
| What does the Platelet (Plt) test measure? | # of platelets per volume of whole blood |
| What are the lab values for Platelets? | 150,000 - 450,000 uL |
| What is Protime (PT) and what drug is it used for? | Blood test that assesses the clotting ability of blood. Also called Prothrombin time. Drug= Coumadin |
| What is the International Normalized Ratio (INR). | A method of reporting prothrombin time–PT results for Pts receiving oral anticoagulant therapy. Drug= Coumadin |
| What is Partial Prothrombin time (PTT) used for and what drug? | The amount of time required for clot formation in 2 samples is observed. A prolonged prothrombin time indicates deficiency in one of the factors. Drug - Heparin |
| What are the lab values for Protime? | 11 - 12.5 seconds |
| What are the lab values for International normalized ratio? | 2 - 3.5 (< 2.0 if no anitcoagulation therapy) |
| What are the lab values for Partial Prothrombin time? | 60 - 70 seconds |
| What is Activated Partial Prothrombin time (APTT) test used for? | the period required for clot formation in recalcified blood plasma after contact activation and the addition of platelet substitutes; used to address the intrinsic and common pathways of coagulation. |
| What are the lab values for Activated Partial Prothrombin Time. | 30 - 40 seconds |
| What is the endocardium of the heart? | A thin, smooth layer of epithelial cells that lines the heart's interior. |
| What is the function of the endocardium? | It provides a smooth surface for easy flow as blood travels through the heart. Extensions of this membrane cover the flaps (cusps) of the heart valves. |
| What is the myocardium of the heart? | The heart muscle, is the thickest layer and pumps blood through the vessels. |
| What is the epicardium of the heart? | A serous membrane that forms the thin, outermost layer of the heart wall. |
| What is the pericardium of the heart? | The sac that encloses the heart. |
| What are intercalated disks? | Modified plasma membranes that firmly attach adjacent cells to each other but allow for rapid transfer of electrical impulses between them. |
| There are 2 divisions of the heart. What does the right heart do? | Pumps blood low in O2 to the lungs throught the Pulmonary Circuit. |
| There are 2 divisions of the heart. What does the left heart do? | Pumps oxygenated blood to the remainder of the blody through the systemic circuit. |
| What are the lower chambers of the heart called? | Ventricles |
| What are the uppper chambers of the heart called. | Atria |
| What do the atria do? | They are mainly blood-receiving chambers. |
| What kind of chambers are the ventricles? | Forceful pumps |
| What does the right atrium do? | Receives blood from the venae cavae and the coronary sinus; pumps blood into the right ventricle. |
| What does the right ventricle do? | Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk; branches carry blood to the lungs to be oxygenated. |
| What does the left atrium do? | Receives oxygenated blood coming back to the heart form the lungs in the pulmonary veins; pumps blood into the left ventricle. |
| What does the left ventricle do? | Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps blood into the aorta to be carried to tissues in the systemic circuit. |
| The heart's chamber are completely separated from each other by partitions, each of which is called a __________________. | Septum |
| The ______________ ______________ separates the two atria. | Interatrial septum |
| The _______________ ______________ separates the two ventricles. | Interventricular septum |
| What does the Right AV Valve do? | Prevents blood from flowing back up into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts (systole). |
| What does the Left AV Valve do? | Prevents blood from flowing back up into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts (systole). |
| What does the Pulmonary semilunar valve do? | Prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle when the right ventricle relaxes (diastole). |
| What does the Aortic semilunar valve do? | Prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle when the left ventricle relaxes (diastole). |
| What is stroke volume? | The volume of blood ejected from the ventricle with each beat. |
| What is cardiac output? | the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute. |
| What is the Conduction Pathway of the heart? | Sinoatrial, Atrioventricular (AV) node, Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His), rith & left bundle of branches, Purkinje fibers, |
| Name the five groups of blood vessels in order of blood flow from the heart. | Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
| What are arteries? | They carry blood away from the heart and toward the tissues. The heart's ventricles pump blood into the arteries. |
| What are arterioles? | They are small subdivisions of the arteries. They carry blood into the capillaries. |
| What are capillaries? | They are tiny, thin-walled vessels that allow for exchanges between systems. These exchanges occur between the blood and the body cells and between the blood and the air in the lung tissues. The capillaries connect the arterioles and venules. |
| What are venules? | They are small vessels that receive blood from the capillaries and begin its transport back toward the heart. |
| What are veins? | They are vessels formed by the merger of venules. They continue the trasport of blood until it is returned to the heart. |
| What does the pulmonary circuit do? | It delivers blood to the lungs, where CO2 is eliminated and O2 is replenished. |
| What are the pulmonary vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs. (In order) | 1.Pulmonary trunk and its arterial branches, whick carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. 2.The capillaries in the lungs, through which gases are exchanged 3.The pulmonary veins, which carry blood back to the left atrium. |
| What is the systemic circuit? | These vessels supply nutrients and O2 to all the tissues and carry waste materials away from the tissues for disposal. |
| What are the system vessels? (In order) | 1.The aorta, which receives blood from the left ventricle and then branches into the systemic arteries carrying blood to the tissues. 2.The systemic capillaries, through which materials are exchanged 3.The systemic veins, carry blood back toward heart |
| What is the structure of the vessel? | Innermost membrane of simple, flat epithelial cells makes up the endothelium, forming a smooth surface over whick the blood flows easily. The middle and thickest layer is made of smooth muscle which control the ANS. Outer tunic made up of supporting CT. |
| Where is the ascending aorta? | Near the heart and inside the pericardial sac. |
| Where is the aortic arch? | Curves from the right to the left and also extends porsteriorly in the aorta. |
| Where is the thoracic aorta? | It lies just anterior to the vertebral column posterior to the heart and in the space behind the pleura. |
| Where is the abdominal aorta? | The longest section of the aorta, spanning the abdominal cavity. |
| What is a venous sinus? | A large channel that drains deoxygenated blood, but does not have the usual tubular structure of the veins. |
| One example of a venous sinus is the ___________ which receives most of the blood from the heart wall. | Coronary sinus |
| Other important venous sinuses are the __________ ____________ ___________, which are located inside the skull and drain the veins from all over the brain. | Cranial venous sinuses |
| A much larger portal system is the __________ ______, which carries blood from the abdominal organs to the liver. | Hepatic portal system |
| What are the functions of blood? | Circulating blood serves body in three ways:Transportation- Gases, Nutrients, Wastes, Regulation- pH, Fluid balance, Heat, Protection- Disease, Blood loss |
| What does blood transport? | Carries oxygen to tissues,Carries carbon dioxide from tissues,Transports nutrients and other substances to cells,Transports waste products from cells,Carries hormones to organs |
| What does blood regulate? | Buffers keep pH of body fluids between 7.35 and 7.45,Substances maintain osmotic pressure to regulate fluid in tissues (fluid balance), &Transports heat generated in muscles to aid in regulation of body temperature |
| How does blood protect? | Carries cells and antibodies of immune system &Carries factors to protect against blood loss |
| What is the make up of blood plasma? | Plasma is 55% of blood 91% water,8% protein,Albumin,Clotting factors,Antibodies,Complement,1% other materials-Glucose,Amino acids,Lipids,Electrolytes,Vitamins,Hormones,Wastes,Drugs &Dissolved gases |
| What are the characteristics of RBCs? | Red blood cells (RBCs) most numerous,Biconcave shape,Mature cells anuclear,Contain hemoglobin,Binds to oxygen for transport,Carries hydrogen ions for buffering, &Carries carbon dioxide for elimination |
| What are the characteristics of thrombocytes? | Smallest formed element,Not cells—no nuclei or DNA,Fragments release from megakaryocytes, &Essential for blood coagulation (clotting) |
| What is serum? | Fluid left over after clotting takes place. |
| Information about blood types. | Blood types must be compatible for blood transfusion from donor to patient;Proteins (antigens or agglutinogens) on red cells cause incompatibility;A and B antigens;Rh factor |
| What are the 4 blood types that contain the A & B antigens? | A (only),B (only),AB (both antigens), &O (neither antigen) |
| Uses of blood and components. | Blood stored in blood banks up to 35 days,Anti-clotting solution added,Expiration date added, &Blood donated before elective surgery (autologous blood) |
| When would they use whole blood transfusions? | Used for loss of large volume of blood,Massive hemorrhage from serious injuries,During internal bleeding,During or after an operation, &Blood replacement in treatment of HDN |
| When would they use only blood components? | Centrifuge separates plasma from formed elements,Hemapheresis—keep desired elements and return remainder to donor, &Plasmapheresis—keep plasma and return formed elements to donor |
| When would they use only blood plasma? | Replace blood volume,Treat circulatory failure (shock),Treat plasma protein deficiency,Replace clotting factors, &Provide needed antibodies |
| Where is the heart located? | Between the lungs;Left of the midline of the body;In mediastinum;Apex pointed toward left |
| What is the structure of the heart? | Three tissue layers:Endocardium lines heart’s interior,Myocardium is thickest layer; the heart muscle, &Epicardium is thin outermost layer |
| Describe the pericardium? | The sac that encloses the heart;Fibrous pericardium holds heart in place;Serous membrane-Parietal layer,Pericardial cavity, &Visceral layer (epicardium) |
| What are the special features of the myocardium? | Cardiac muscles:Are lightly striated (striped),Have single nucleus cells,Are controlled involuntarily,Have intercalated disks, &Have branching muscle fibers |
| What are the 4 valves of the heart? | Atrioventricular valves-Entrance valves,1.Right atrioventricular (AV) valve (tricuspid valve), &2.Left atrioventricular (AV) valve (bicuspid valve)Semilunar valves-Exit valves,3.Pulmonary valve, &4.Aortic valve |
| What is the blood supply to the myocardium? | Coronary circulation-Right coronary artery,Left coronary artery, &Coronary sinus |
| What is the structure of blood vessels? | Three tunics (coats) of arteries and veins-1.Inner (endothelium),2.Middle (smooth [voluntary] muscle)-Controlled by autonomic nervous system,Thinner in veins, &3.Outer (supporting connective tissue) |
| The parts of the Aorta. | Ascending aorta,Aortic arch,Thoracic aorta, &Abdominal aorta |
| Branches of the Ascending Aorta and Aortic Arch. | Ascending aorta-Left and right coronary arteries;Aortic arch-Brachiocephalic artery,Right subclavian artery,Right common carotid artery,Left common carotid artery, &Left subclavian artery |
| Branches of the Thoracic Aorta. | Branches to chest wall, esophagus, and bronchi; &Intercostal arteries |
| Branches of the abdominal aorta. | Celiac trunk-Left gastric artery,Splenic artery,Hepatic artery;Superior mesenteric artery,Inferior mesenteric arteryPhrenic arteries,Suprarenal arteries,Renal arteries,Ovarian and testicular arteries, &Lumbar arteries |
| The Iliac Arteries and Their Subdivisions | Internal iliac arteries,External iliac arteries,Femoral artery,Popliteal artery,Tibial arteries, &Dorsalis pedis |
| Arteries That Branch to the Arm and Head | External carotid artery,Internal carotid artery,Subclavian artery,Vertebral artery,Axillary artery,Brachial artery,Radial artery, &Ulnar artery |
| Systemic Veins | Superficial veins-Cephalic, basilic, median cubital veins,Saphenous veins,Deep veins-Femoral and iliac vessels,Brachial, axillary, subclavian vessels,Jugular veins, &Brachiocephalic vein |
| The Venae Cavae and Their Tributaries | Superior vena cava-Head, neck, upper extremities;Azygos vein-Chest wall;Inferior vena cava-Right, left veins from paired parts, organs, &Unpaired veins from spleen, digestive tract |
| What are the functions of the lymphatic system? | Fluid balance-Lymph fluid,Protection from infection, &Absorption of fats |
| The lymphatic system in relation to the cardiovascular system. | Lymphatic vessels pick up fluid in the tissues and return it to the blood in vessels near the heart. |
| Lymphatic circulation | One-way system;Begins in tissues;Ends in bloodstream |
| Characteristics of Lymphatic Capillaries. | Capillary walls (endothelium) are flattened epithelial cells; More permeable than blood capillaries;Overlapping cells form one-way valves;Arise blindly (closed at one end);Lacteals absorb digested fats |
| Functions of the spleen? | Cleanses blood-Filtration,Phagocytosis;Destroys old red blood cells,Produces red blood cells before birth, &Is reservoir for blood |
| Functions of the Thymus. | Plays key role in early immune system development;Produces thymosin-Develops T lymphocyte cells,Promotes lymphocyte growth,Promotes lymphoid tissue activity; &Shrinks after puberty |
| Functions of the tonsils. | Remove contaminants and trap pathogens -Palatine tonsils,Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids),Lingual tonsils, &Surgery to treat if recurrent infection or enlarged tonsils make swallowing/breathing difficult |
| The Reticuloendothelial System = Cells responsible for destroying worn-out blood cells, bacteria, cancer cells and other harmful foreign substances. | Monocytes;Macrophages-Kupffer cells &Dust cells |
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miller120304
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