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Botany Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Secondary Growth | -increase in diameter after growth in length has been completed -Eudicots, gymnosperms, angiosperms -occurs in stems and roots -result of the activity of 2 lateral meristems -vascular cambium -cork cambium |
| Provascular tissue | remains meristematic and becomes vascular cambium |
| Vascular Cambium | -cells have large vacuoles (unlike cells of apical meristem) -2 forms of cells: -fusiform initials -ray initials -divides periclinally forming xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside |
| Vascular Cambium | -w/ each division 1 daughter cell remains meristematic and the other becomes xylem OR phloem -mostly xylem -divides anticlinally to produce more fusiform initials |
| fusiform initials | -in vascular cambium -vertically elongated -longer than wide and produce secondary xylem and phloem |
| ray initials | -in vascular cambium -horizontally elongated -square and produce secondary rays made of parenchyma |
| Axial system | xylem and phloem cells formed by fusiform initials |
| Radial system | ray cells formed by the ray initials |
| Rays | -parenchyma cells -move food substances from secondary phloem to secondary xylem -move water from secondary xylem to secondary phloem -stores starch, proteins, and lipids -xylem vessels dead at maturity, but parenchyma ALWAYS alive at maturity |
| vascular cambium | -technically refers only to cambial initials -initials and their immediate derivatives are indistinguishable from each other -used in broader sense to refer to cambial initials and its derivatives (secondary xylem and secondary phloem) |
| cambial zone | cambial initials and its derivatives (secondary xylem and secondary phloem) (aka vascular cambium) |
| Secondary Growth IN STEMS | -arises from: -Fasicular cambium -Interfasicular cambium -vascular cambium forms a circle @ the beginning of its development -primary phloem is crushed and only phloem fibers remain |
| wood | secondary xylem |
| fascicle | bundle |
| Fasicular cambium | procambium b/w the primary xylem and phloem |
| Interfasicular cambium | parenchyma of interfasicular region |
| lenticel | in periderm used for gas exchange white dots on stem |
| Secondary growth IN ROOTS | -vascular cambium develops from procambium cells located b/w the primary xylem and phloem -2 or more areas independent regions of cambial activity develop depending on the # of phloem strands present -next the pericycle opposite protoxylem points |
| Secondary Growth IN ROOTS | -results in a cambium completely surrounding core of xylem -forms wide rays from pericycle while narrow rays are produced b other parts of secondary vascular tissue -phloem is crushed and only primary phloem fibers and secondary phloem remain |
| Secondary Growth IN ROOTS | -cortex cells are obliterated -endodermis sloughed off |
| Periderm | -cork formation after secondary growth -cork tissue replaces epidermis -cork cambium originates in the outer layer of the cortex below the epidermis |
| Phellum | cork-formed on the outside by the cork cambium |
| Phellogen | cork cambium- forms Phellum and also produces cork skin |
| Phelloderm | cork skin-on the inside, produced by phellogen |
| Periderm | =phellum (cork) + phellogen (cork cambium) + phelloderm (cork skin) |
| cork cells | -tightly packed -cell walls which are impregnant with suberin and wax -impermeable to water and gases -have walls which may also become lignified -dead at maturity |
| cork cells | -phellogen and phelloderm ALIVE at maturity -lack suberin and look like cortical (cortex) cells -parenchyma -cortex not sloughed off during 1st year of secondary growth -epidermis dries up and peels off |
| Secondary growth IN ROOTS | -pericycle gives rise to cork cambium -cortex, endodermis, and epidermis are sloughed off |
| Cork cambium | = periderm |
| Lenticels | -inner tissues of stem -ALIVE and need gas exchange -portions of the stem with numerous air spaces -usually appear on the surface of roots and stems as raised circular, oval or elongated areas -also formed on some fruits (apples and pears) |
| Bark | -all tissues outside the vascular cambium including the periderm -from the outside -phellum -phellogen -phelloderm -secondary phloem |
| periderm | =cork cambium/outer bark |
| secondary phloem | =inner bark |
| Increase in GIRTH of MONOCOTS | -in palms there is a primary thickening meristem which produces a proliferation of primary tissue which increases girth of stem -there is NO vascular cambium -plants become "woody" b/c each vessel is enclosed in a sheath of strong fibers |
| Yucca | -there is a type of vascular camibium which is located outside of the outermost vascular bundles -produces only parenchyma which differentiate into secondary vascular bundles with xylem and phloem |
| Yucca | -outmost cells in secondary vascular bundles develop into fibers with thick secondary walls causing the trunk to appear "woody" |
| Ring Porous Wood | -smalls vessels in summer and large vessels in the spring -i.e. Quercus (oak) |
| Diffuse Porous Wood | -do NOT have obivous spring wood -i.e. Acer (maple), and Magnolia |
| Non Porous Wood | -no pores (vessels) -i.e. Pinus |
| pores | = vessels |
| Tyloses | -balloon like outgrowths of parenchyma cells -creates heartwood -dark part in center of wood |
| Lineus | -developed plant classifcation system-binomial system of Nomenclature-Genus-Specific Epithet-i.e. Kalmia latifolia L. (mtn laurel) -L. = lineus named it -PA state flower |
| International Code of Botanical Nomenclature | -phylum-class-subclass-order-family-subfamily-tribe |
| phylum | phyta |
| class | apsida |
| order | ales |
| family | aceae |
| What is a species? | -an organism which are similar genetically and can produce viable offspring -biological species concept -works for animals but NOT for plants |
| What is a species? | -a group of indviduals with a unique set of characteristics -nothing else exactly alike -works for plants AND animals |
| What is a species? | -a species is a group of individuals that are consistently and persistently different from others and can produce viable offspring, and can be seen by ordinary means -Kronquist definition |
| claytogram | phylogenetic tree |
| Why class anything? | -frame of reference-1st ppl to do classification did so to identify medical plants |
| Artifical selection | -Brosica Aleracea -cabbage-terminal bud -cauliflower-flowers -brussel sprouts-auxilary buds -kale-leaves -broccoli-inflorescents (group of flowers) -kohlrabi-all stem |
| Fungi | -NOT PLANTS-over 70,000 species-phylum zygomycota-phylum ascomycota-phylum basidiomycota |
| Phylum Zygomycota | -Fungi-mycelium and hyphae-mostly underground-only sexual parts are above ground-rhizoids are NOT roots-reproductive haploid offspring by mitosis-plants that undergo meiosis do not produce gametes they produce spores which produce the gametes |
| Phylum Zygomycota | -+ and - strains-Gametangia-place where + & - cell meet and fuse to form a diploid zygosporangium -fertilization-asexual reproduction by spores-hyphae connected by stolons |
| mycelium | long strands of fungi material |
| hyphae | 1 strand of mycelium-haploid |
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