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bio test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| overweight | bmi between 25 and 29.9 |
| obese | bmi greater than 30 |
| calorie | amount of energy required to raise temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree C |
| Calorie | 1 kilocalorie or 1,000 calories, common unit of energy used in food nutrition |
| glycogen | energy storing carbohydrate found in animal cells |
| triglycerides | type of lipid found in fat cells that stores excess energy for long term use |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | the molecule that cells use to power energy-required functions; the cells energy currency |
| aerobic respiration | reactions that happen in presence of oxygen, converts energy stored in food into ATP |
| glycolysis | series of chemical reactions that split glucose in half into 2 molecules of pyruvate |
| where does glycolysis take place? | in the cytoplasm |
| what is the first stage of both aerobic respiration and fermentation? | glycolysis |
| citric acid cycle | series of reactions strips electrons from bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms, originally in glucose |
| where does the citric acid cycle take place | in the mitochondria |
| what is the second stage of aerobic respiration? | citric acid cycle |
| NAD+ | electron carrier |
| How does NAD+ become NADH? | when it picks up electrons |
| electron transport chain | produces bulk of ATP during aerobic respiration |
| what is the third stage of aerobic respiration? | electron transport chain |
| where does the electron transport chain take place? | in the mitochondria |
| fermentation | chemical reactions that take place in absence of oxygen and converts some of the energy stored in food into ATP |
| trans fat | hydrogen atoms added to vegetable fat making it solid at room temperature |
| saturated fat | animal fat solid at room temperature |
| unsaturated fat | plant fat that is liquid at room temperature |
| what are the most energy rich organic molecules in our diets? | fats |
| which stores more energy fats or glycogen? | fats |
| when we consume more calories then we use where does the body store the excess energy? | in the bonds of glycogen and body fat |
| what form of usable energy do cells carry out chemical reactions that break down? | ATP |
| what contains the instructions for building an organism? | DNA |
| What is the hereditary molecule off all living organisms? | DNA |
| How do you determine the genetic relatedness and uniqueness of individuals? | DNA sequences and how they match up |
| Where in a eukaryotic cell is DNA packaged | into chromosomes in the nucleus |
| how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have in their cells | 23 pairs or 46 single |
| double helix | a double stranded DNA molecule forming a spiral structure |
| what are the components of a nucleotide | base, phosphate, and sugar |
| what are the four distinct nucleotides? | A T G C |
| 2 strands of DNA are bound together by complimentary pairings of | A and G T C |
| what guides DNA replication | complementary pairings of DNA strands |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | lab technique used to replicate and amplify specific DNA segments |
| how to scientists create a DNA profile | STRs which are noncoding DNA sequences |
| Short Tandem Repeats (STR) | sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated |
| gel electrophoresis | lab technique seperating fragments of DNA by size |
| genome | one complete set of genetic instructions encoded in DNA of organism |
| DNA polymerase | enzyme that builds new strand of DNA along each unzipped strand |
| semi-conservative | each newly made DNA molecule has one strand of original and one new strand of DNA |
| nucleotide | the building blocks of DNA |
| each chromosome contains | DNA and proteins |
| protein | made of amino acids that determine shape and function of the protein |
| amino acids | building blocks of proteins |
| gene | sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein |
| gene expression | process of using DNA instructions to make proteins |
| alleles | alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences |
| transgenic | an organism that carries one or more genes from a different species |
| regulatory sequence | part of a gene that determines timing, amount, and location of protein production |
| coding sequence | determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein |
| regulatory sequence | controls timing, location, and amount of gene expression |
| genetic engineering | process of assembling new genes with novel combinations of regulatory and coding sequences |
| recombinant genes | genetically engineered genes |
| gene therapy | treatment that aims to cure human disease by replacing defective genes with functional ones |
| transcription | process of using DNA to make messenger RNA copy of the gene |
| messenger RNA (mRNA) | RNA copy of original DNA sequence made during transcription |
| translation | when mRNA sequences are used to assemble the corresponding amino acid to make a protein |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme that carries out transcription, copies strand of DNA into complementary strand of mRNA |
| ribosome | assembles proteins during translation |
| codon | sequence of three mRNA nucelotides that specifies a particular amino acid |
| transfer RNA (tRNA) | type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosome during translation |
| anticodon | part of trna molecule that binds to complementary mrna codon |
| what is the process of using information in genes to make proteins? | gene expression |
| what determines the shape and function of a protein? | amino acid sequences |
| what does a change in the DNA sequence of a gene change? | the corresponding amino acid sequence, and function of a protein |
| gene expression occurs in what two stages? | transcription and translation |
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