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Botany Lecture 2
Notes and Information for the second lecture exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Secondary Grown increases... | Girth or Diameter |
| Secondary growth occurs in... | Eudicots, gymnosperms, angiosperms. |
| Secondary grown is the result of... | the activity of the lateral meristems. |
| the lateral meristems are... | Vascular cambium and Cork Cambium |
| The vascular cambium occurs... | right beneath the bark. |
| Does Provascular tissue remain Meristematic? | Yes. |
| What does provascular tissue become? | The vascular cambium. |
| Where is the provascular tissue located? | In the apical meristem. |
| Unlike the cells in the apical meristem, cells in the vascular cambium... | have large vacuoles |
| Cells in the apical meristem are mostly filled with... | their nucleus. |
| What are the two types of cells in the vascular Cambium? | Fusiform initials and Ray initials |
| What kind of initial is vertically elongated? | fusiform initials. |
| What initial is horizontally elongated and square-ish shaped? | Ray initials. |
| ________ initials are longer than they are wide. | Fusiform |
| Fusiform initials produce..... | secondary xylem and secondary phloem. |
| A ray is usually what kind of tissue? | Parenchyma. |
| How does the Vascular cambium divide? | Periclinally. |
| With each division in the Vascular Cambium, one daughter cell remains meristematic while the other becomes.... | Xylem or phloem (but probably Xylem.) |
| The vascular cambium will divide anticlinally to produce what? | More fusiform initials. |
| Xylem and Phloem cells formed by fusiform initials is the... | Axial System. |
| Ray cells formed by ray initials is the... | Radial System. |
| Rays are composed of... | parenchyma tissue |
| One function of a ray is to... | move food from the secondary phloem to the secondary xylem. |
| Another function of a ray is to.. | Move H2O from secondary Xylem to the Secondary Phloem. |
| A third function of a ray is to... | store starch, proteins, and lipids. |
| The vascular cambium technically refers to the | cambium initials. |
| The initials and their immediate derivatives are... | indistinguishable from one another |
| the "vascular cambium" is used in the broader sense to refer to... | The cambium initials and their immediate derivatives. |
| What is the Cambial Zone? | What some botanists use to refer to the initials and their immediate derivatives. |
| In stems, the Vascular cambium arises from... | the procambium between the primary xylem and phloem. |
| The procambium between the primary xylem and phloem is the... | fascicular cambium. |
| fascicle is a ... | Bundle. |
| Interfascicular cambium is... | Parenchyma of the interfascicular region. |
| What does the Vascular Cambium form in stems at the beginning of it's development? | a circle. |
| What is the area for gas exchange in periderm? | Lenticel. |
| In roots, the vascular cambium develops from... | the procambium cells located between the primary xylem and primary phloem. |
| In roots, what can happen with cambial activity? | 2 or more areas of independent regions of cambial activity develop depending on the number of phloem strands present |
| Vascular cambium formed from the pericycle forms.. | wide rays |
| Narrow rays are produced by... | Parts of the secondary vascular tissue other than pericycle. |
| Primary phloem and cortex cells are crushed leaving only | the primary phloem fibers |
| What is the Periderm? | Cork formation after secondary growth |
| What replaces the epidermis in secondary growth? | Cork tissue |
| Where does the cork cambium originate? | in the outer layer of the cortex beneath the epidermis |
| What is Phellem? | Cork, formed on the outside. |
| What is Phellogen? | Cork Cambium |
| What does the cork cambium produce? | Phellem and Phelloderm. |
| What is Phelloderm? | Cork skin. |
| Where is Phelloderm located? | on the inside of the cork. |
| How are cork cells packed? | they are tightly packed. |
| What is special about cork cell walls? | they are impregnated with suberin or wax. |
| Cork cells are impermeable to... | H2O and gas |
| Are cork cells dead at maturity? | yes. |
| Cork cells have wall which may also become... | lignified. |
| Cells in the Phellogen and Phelloderm are _______ at maturity | alive |
| Phellogen and Phelloderm lack _______ and look like..... | suberin and cortical cells |
| Periderm is derived from... | the outer layer of the cortex |
| Unlike roots, the cortex is not... | sloughed off during the first year of secondary growth. |
| In roots, the pericycle gives rise to the ________ which becomes _________. | Cork cambium and Periderm |
| With the formation of the periderm, the cortex and epidermis... | are isolated from the rest of the root and eventually die. |
| The inner tissues of the stem and roots are ___________ and need __________. | alive and gas exchange. |
| In stems and roots, gas exchange takes place in... | the lenticels. |
| What are lenticels? | Portions of the stem with numerous air spaces for gas exchange. |
| What are some of the fruits that lenticels can be found on? | apples and pears. |
| What does the bark consist of? | all of the tissues outside of the vascular cambium, including the periderm. |
| Periderm is also known as | the outer bark. |
| The inner bark is the | secondary phloem. |
| Where is commercial cork obtained from? | Quercus Suber |
| Do monocots undergo secondary growth? | no. |
| How does a palm tree get bigger? | A primary thickening of the meristem produces a proliferation of primary tissues, which increases size. |
| The joshua tree is different from a palm because... | it has a vascular cambium. |
| Pores are... | vessels |
| What are Tyloses? | balloon-like outgrowths of parenchyma that block the lumen of a vessel |
| Tyloses create... | heartwood. |
| Who came up with the Binomial system of nomenclature? | Carlos Lineaus |
| Phylum | Phyta |
| Class | opsida |
| Order | ales |
| Family | aceae |
| The biological species concept works for ________ but not _______. | Animals, but not plants |
| What is a species? | a group of individuals with a unique set of characteristics that make viable offspring |
| What percentage of genes to organisms in a species share? | 100% |
| What is Arther Cromquist's definition of a species? | a group of individuals that are consistently and persistantly different from others around them and produce viable offspring. A species should be identifiable by ordinary means. |
| How many species of fungi are there? | over 70,000 |
| What are the three phylum of fungi? | Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota |
| Generally, what kind of fungi is in phylum Zygomycota? | Common bread molds and food-spoiling fungi. |
| What is a mycelium? | it is a mass of fungus. it is many long strands of fungal material. |
| What is a hyphae? | It is one single strand of mycelium. It is haploid and reproduces by mitosis. |
| Are Fungi plants? | nope. |
| What do you get when plants undergo Meiosis? | spores, not gametes. |
| What is gametangia? | the fusion of a plus and minus (or x and y, whatever) to produce a diploid cell. Fertilization. |
| Are the products of meiosis diploid or haploid? | haploid. |
| Are spores diploid or haploid? | haploid. |
| Does pinus have vessels or tracheids? | just tracheids. |
| What are conidia? | spores. |
| Is Ascogonium male or female? | female. |
| is antheridium male or female? | male. |
| What is a septate? | solid walls between each cell. |
| What is plasmogamy? | when two cells are fused together, but their nuclei are not. |
| What is karyogamy? | Fusing of the nuclei which makes a diploid cell. |
| What is it called when the contents of 2 cells fuse together, but their nuclei remain separate? | Plasmogamy. |
| The ascoma is made entirely of.... | n + n mycelium |
| primary | n |
| secondary | n + n |
| Cellular ascomycota are.. | yeasts |
| how does yeast reproduce? | asexually, by budding |
| What is fungi imperfecti? | Deuteromycota. a miscellaneous group of about 17,000 species. |
| In Deuteromycota, what kind of reproduction is common? | only asexual. Sexual reproduction is not even known to happen. |
| What are penicillium and aspergillus classified under? | Deuteromycota. |
| Is there asexual reproduction in phylum basidiomycota? | None. |
| What are the four classes of Basidiomycota? | Hymenamycetes, gastromycetes, teliomycetes, and ustomycetes. |
| What is an example of someothing in class hymenamycetes? | mushrooms and shell fungi |
| What are some examples of things in class gastromycetes? | puffballs, earthstars, birdsnest, and stinkhorns |
| What is an example of something in class teliomycetes? | rusts |
| What is an example of something in class ustomycetes? | smuts |
| What are Lichens? | symbiotic relationships between ascomycota and algae |
| Where do lichens live? | in the harshest environments |
| Who discovered lichens? | beatrix potter |
| What is predaceous fungi? | they capture nematodes and use them as a source of nutrients (nitrogen) to grow. |
| What are rays made of? | Parenchyma. and they are alive. |
| What are three things about soft wood? | 1. conifer wood. 2. tracheids only, with circular bordered pits, and small rays that are one cell wide unless there is a resin duct. |
| What is a uniceriate ray? | a ray that is one cell wide |
| What's inside the torus? | primary tissue |
| Dinoflagellates is what phylum of algae? | Dinophyta |
| Euglenoids are what phylum of algae? | Euglenophyta. |
| Diatoms are what phylum of algae? | Bacillariophyta. |
| Brown algae is what phylum of algae? | Phaeophyta. |
| Red algae is what phylum of algae? | Rhodophya. |
| Green algae is what phylum of algae? | Chlorophyta. |
| What are five things about Eudicot (hardwood) wood? | Vessels, several types of tracheids, parenchyma cells, fibers, and large rays. |
| Is sapwood conducting or nonconducting? | Conducting. |
| Is heartwood conducting or nonconducting? | nonconducting. |
| Why doesn't heartwood conduct? | because of tyloses |
| What are tyloses? | outgrowths of parenchyma. |
| What is Mycorrhizae? | Symbiotic relationship between roots of vascular plants and fungi. |
| What are three plant families that lack a mycorrhizal relationship? | Mustards, sedges, and very fine roots. |
| What are the two main kinds of Mycorrhizae? | Endomychorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae |
| What are four things about Endomychorrizae? | The fungus in the relationship is phylum zygomycota, there's only 200 species of fungi involved, it is highly unspecific, and it is in tropical conditions. |
| how do Endoychorizal relationships work? | The Fungal hyphae penetrates the cortical cells of the root and form arbuscles. The hyphae extend into the soil and take up phosphorus. |
| Which is more common, Endomychorrhizal relationships or Ectomycorrhizal relationships? | Endomycorrhizal relationships. |
| What are five things about Ectomycorrhizal relationships? | The fungus in the relationship is phylum basidiomycota and a few ascomycots (like truffles) , they uptake carbon, highly specific, 5000 species of fungi involved, and found in temperate zone. |
| What are some families that have Ectomycorrhizal relationships? | Beech, oak, poplars, and pine. |
| How do ectomycorrhizal relationships work? | The fungus surrounds, but doesn't penetrate the plant, the hyphae grows between cells and forms a net around the cortical cells. Root hairs are usually absent because the fungus surrounds the roots and mycelia extend into soil. |
| What are two other kinds of mycorrhizae? | Ericaceae and orchidaceae |
| What are four things about Ericaceae? | Ascomycota or basidiomycota are involved, they help the plant to grow in acidic or infertile soil, they aid in the uptake of nitrogen, and they help the plant have an increased tolerance for heavy metal poisoning. |
| What are four things about orchidaceae? | They germinate seeds, they give seeds carbon, fungus must penetrate the seed, or the orchid won't grow, and the fungus in the relationship is basidiomycota. |
| What may have helped ancient plants move from water to land? | mycorrhizal relationships. |
| Can algae photosynthesize? | Nearly all are photosythetic. |
| Do Algae have sieve elements? | No. Some kelps have conducting cells that look like sieve elements, but they're not. |
| Are the reproductive structures of algae unicellular or multicellular? | unicellular. |
| What is red tide? | Dinophyta reproduce so fast that the tide looks red. When they die and rot, they take up 02 and the fish suffocate. |
| is phylum bacillariophyta multicellular or unicellular? | unicellular. |
| is phylum rhodophyta multicellular or unicellular? | multicellular. |
| What are four things about phylum Rhodophyta? | found in tropical warm waters, largest number of seaweeds, can live very deep in ocean, and there are very few that are unicellular. |
| What are five things about phylum chlorophyta? | It is the most common phylum of algae, they can be multi or unicellular, most are aquatic, but can live in a variety of habitats, very few in salt water, and they have a long fossil history. |
| Why do chlorophyta resemble green plants? | Chlorophylls a and b, they store starch, they have firm cell walls, and their flagellated reproductive cells resemble those in plants. |
| What is Isogamy? | When you have gametes that look identical to one another. |
| What is Arisogamy? | When one gamete is bigger than the other, but they still look similar. |
| What is Oogamy? | A very large, nonmotile egg, plus a smaller, motile sperm. |
| What is a conjugation tube? | a little tube in the chlamadamonus to help the contents of the cells move. |
| What are three things about brown algae? | Almost all are marine, they are found in the temperate zone, they have intercalary meristem within the filaments |
| Is fucus diploid or haploid? | diploid. |
| is there asexual reproduction in fucus? | nope. |
| Is volvox a motile colony? | yes. |
| What is monoecius? | male and female inside same conceptical. |
| What is Diecious? | seperate conceptuals for males and females. |
| What are four things about liverworts? | there are about 6000 species, they grow in moist habitats, they are the simplest of all living plants, and they lack specialized conducting tissue. |
| What are the two phylums of bryophytes? | Phylum hepatophyta (liverworts) and phylum bryophyta (mosses) |
| Are mosses diploid or haploid? | They are haploid, but they have a diploid stemlike part. |
| What does meiosis always produce in plants? | spores. |
| What are inside gemma cups? | timy plantlets. |
| What are three things about mosses? | There are about 9500 species, grow in relatively moist areas, and there are two types of gametophytes. |
| What are the two types of gametophytes in mosses? | Protonema and leafy gametophyte |
| is there vascular tissues in mosses? | nope. |
| What are the water conducting cells of mosses? | hydroids. |
| What are the food conducting cells in mosses? | leptoids. |
| Do mosses have roots? | no, they have rhizoids. |
| What is the stemlike structure that a sporangium sits on? | a seta. |
| What are the three things that make a sporophyte? | the foot, the seta, and the capsule. |
| When you look at a moss, what are you looking at? | a gametophyte with sporophytes. |
| Does moss photosynthesize? | it does until maturity. |
| What is the phenomenon where a fern or plant curls and rolls? | cercinate vernation. |
| What is the indusium? | it covers the sorus. |
| does every sorus have an indusium? | nope. |
| All _____ are diploid sporophyte | ferns. |
| in Chlamadomonas, is sexual or asexual reproduction of gametes more common? | asexual reproduction of the haploid individuals by mitosis is the most frequent. |
| In zygomycetes, is sexual or a sexual reproduction more common? | asexual reproduction by means of haploid spores is the main mode of reproduction. |
| What is a dolipore septum? | a pore cap that allows cytoplasm and other things to pass thru |
| name the six phylums of algae. | Dinophyta, euglenophyta, bacillariophyta, phaeophyta, rhodophyta, chlorophyta |
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