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Chapter 23 Vocab BIO
Chapter 23 pg 412 - 429, all bold words!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Plants | Multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes who evolved to land |
| Charophytes | Freshwater green algae |
| Cuticle | Waxy covering that protects all exposed surfaces from drying out |
| Stomata | Tiny openings found on the underside of leaves. Allows gas exchange and for the release of water vapor |
| Tracheids | Specialized cells with proteins that resist gravity by transporting water and minerals upwards |
| Alternation of generations | The two alternating forms of a plant in its life cycle |
| Sporophyte | Diploid, spore-producing generation |
| Gametophyte | Haploid, gamete-producing generation |
| Sporangium | Produced by the sporophyte, place where haploid spores are produced via meiosis. |
| Spore | Reproductive cell that develops into new organisms without needing to fuse with other cells |
| Antheridia | Male gametangia that produce sperm |
| Archegonia | Female gametangia that produce eggs |
| Bryophytes | Non-vascular plants that originally colonized land |
| Vascular Tissue | Specialized for the transport of water and nutrients throughout the plot |
| Nonvascular plants | Plants that are low lying and weaker, like Bryophytes |
| Liverworts | The thallose and leafy kind, with the first having a flattened thallus while the latter resembles most moss |
| Rhizoids | Hair-like extensions of the thallus that go into the soil |
| Hornwort | Gametophyte that grows a thin rib-like thallus. Mostly live on trees and photosynthesize. Has a symbiotic relationship with cynobacteria that can fix nitrogen from the air |
| Mosses | Largest group of nonvascular plants with more than 15,000 species. Composed of peat, granite, and true moss groups |
| Vascular Plants | Have roots that absorb water from soil and have tissues like xylem and phloem, which helps them grow very large and tall |
| Xylem | Transports water from the stem to the leaves |
| Phloem | Conducting tissue that transports nutrients |
| Lignin | Contained in the cell walls of xylem which strengthens it |
| Seedless vascular plants | Plants that mainly use wind or some other transport besides seeds to reproduce |
| Lycophytes | Have stems, leaves, and roots |
| Microphylls | Leaves that only have one strand of tissue |
| Strobili | Cone-shaped structure that births sporangia, where meiosis takes place and spores are produced |
| Rhizome | Underground stem where roots branch from |
| Homosporous | Vascular plants that only produce spores that grow into one type of gametophyte |
| Heterosporous | Vascular plants that produce two types of spores, called micro and megaspores |
| Microspores | Grow into male gametophytes |
| Megaspores | Grow into female gametophytes |
| Pteridophytes | Broad term used to describe a group of seedless vascular plants; including ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns |
| Megaphylls | Broad leaves with several strands of vascular tissue |
| Horsetails | Consist of one genus, Equisetum, and approximately 25 species of distinct seedless vascular plants. Mostly inhabit wet and marshy environments |
| Whisk ferns | Present in Psilotum and Tmesipteris, resembling whisk brooms and have megaphyll appendages |
| Ferns | Mostly in tropical regions. Ferns have fronds which house sori. |
| Fronds | Megaphylls on ferns |
| Sori | Sporangia clusters found on the undersides of fronds. Sori is shielded by thin, protective structures named indusia. |
| Seed plants | Vascular plants that use seeds during the dispersal stage of their life cycle |
| Seeds | Contain a sporophyte embryo and stored food within a protective coat |
| Pollen grains | Microspores that become male gametophytes |
| Pollination | occurs when a pollen grain is brought into contact with the female gametophyte by wind or a pollinator |
| Pollen tube | Where sperm move toward the female gametophyte |
| Ovule | Megaspore within the female gametophyte which becomes a seed following fertilization |
| Gymnosperms | Mostly cone-bearing seed plants where ovules are not completely enclosed by sporophyte tissue at the time of pollination |
| Angiosperms | Flowering plants where the ovules are completely enclosed within diploid sporophyte tissue, which becomes a fruit |
| Conifers | Consisting of about 630 species of trees (many evergreen), conifers bear cones |
| Cones | Seeds produced by conifers |
| Monoecious | Conifers that carry both a male and female reproductive structure |
| Cycads | Distinctive gymnosperms that are native to (sub)tropical forests. |
| Ginkgoes | represented by only one species of tree today named the Ginkgo biloba. Dioecious in nature |
| Dioecious | Present in ginkgoes, which means that a single plant produces either male or female reproductive structures, but not both |
| Gnetophytes | Diverse in appearance, yet similar in the xylem structure and strobili, and the fact that none have archegonia. Some produce nectar. |
| Angiosperms | Flowering plants, extremely successful! |
| Monocotyledons | One of the classes of plants. Contain about 65,000 species |
| Monocots | Shortened version of Monocotyledons |
| Eudicotyledones | One of the classes of plants. Contain about 175,000 species. |
| Eudicots | Shortened version of Eudicotyledones, means ‘true dicot’ |
| Cotyledons | The ‘seed leaves’ containing the nutrients that nourish the plant embryo. If a seed has one, it’s a monocot. Two and it’s a eudicot. |
| Flowers | Contain sepals, petals, stamens, carpel, and the ovary. |
| Sepals | collectively called the calyx; protects the flower bud before opening. |
| Petals | collectively called the corolla, quite diverse in size, shape, and color. Used to attract pollinator |
| Stamens | Each stamen has a filament that holds up a second structure called the anther. The filament is the stalk while the anther resembles a saclike container. |
| Carpel | Very center of the flower which is vaselike with three major regions: the stigma, and enlarged, sticky knob; the style, a slender stank; and the ovary. |
| Ovary | An enlarged base that encloses one or more ovules. |
| Double fertilization | Process flowering plants go through: one sperm unites with an egg, forming a diploid zygote, and the other unites with polar nuclei, forming a triploid endosperm nucleus |
| Fruit | Derived from an ovary and may be an accessory part of the flower. |
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CommanderJonno
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