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oxygenationtest5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What portion of the airway is most prone to airway obstruction? | larynx |
| Functions of the Pulmonary System | Ventilation or breathing~the mvmnt of air b\t the atmosphere &the alveoli of thelungs. Alveolar gas exchanging~diffusion of oxygen from alveoli into the pulm bl vessels Trasport of O2 and CO2~O2 from lungs to tissues~CO2 trans from tissues back to lungs |
| Factors Affecting O2 Transport | Cardiac Output Number of erythrocytes (RBC)Blood HematocritExercise |
| Respiratory Regulation | Respiratory center is in the medulla & pons of brain *Chemoreceptors detect changes in blood pH, O2 levels, and CO2 levelsCO2 levels-normally stimulate breathingHypoxemia- low blood O2 will secondarily stimulate breathing |
| Expected Changes in Older Adult | Reduced lung expansion and less alveolar inflation *Difficulty expelling mucus or foreign materials *Diminished ability to increase ventilation *Declining immune response |
| Effects of Aging on Oxygenation | Degenerative changes *Decreased vital capacity *Lungs become less elastic*Chest wall becomes more rigid *Air exchange with each breath decreases *Decreased cardiac output * Increased risk for respiratory disease*Athrosclerosis increases |
| Respiratory Risks in Older Adults | Respiratory infections, Increased O2 demand, Rising CO2 levels, Lower exercise tolerance |
| Factors Affecting Respiratory and Cardiovascular Function | Environment, Lifestyle,Health statusNarcotics, Stress and coping, Gender |
| Risk Factors for Heart Disease | Nonmodifiable~Age~Gender~HeredityModifiable~Diet~Hypertension~Cigarette smoking ~Diabetes~Obesity~Lifestyle |
| Stress | Stimulates sympathetic nervous systemSuppresses the immune systemAlters glucose, fat, and protein metabolismIncreases risk of heart diseaseIncreases risk for respiratory infections |
| Occupational Hazards | Chemicals/fumesCombustiblesOrganismsFine particlesRadiation |
| Obesity | Respiratory infectionsSleep ApneaCardiovascular changes |
| Smoking | Constricts bronchiolesIncreases fluid secretions into airwaysCauses inflammation and swelling of the bronchial liningParalyzes cilia |
| Benefits of Smoking Cessation | Decreased blood pressure and heart rateCirculation to extremities improves within 2 hoursOxygen levels in the blood improve within 8 hoursDigestion improvesDecreased coughing, congestion, and shortness of breath |
| Benefits of Smoking Cessation | Overall energy increasesLungs increase ability to clean themselves, reducing risk of infectionRisk of heart attack decreases and returns to that of a non-smoker within 1 yearRisk of lung and other cancers, stroke, and COPD decreases |
| hypoxia | Insufficient oxygen in the body.SymptomsAnxiety Restlessness Tachycardia (increased HR)Tachypnea (increased resp rate)Dyspnea Substernal or intercostal retractionsCentral cyanosis |
| hypoxemia | dsd |
| hypercarbia | kklj |
| hypocarbia | lkj |
| cyanosis | kj |
| peripheral cyanosis | kjlk |
| central cyanosis | kj |
| symptoms of insufficient oxygenation in the body: | anxiety, restlessness, tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, substernal or intercostal retractions, CENTRAL cyanosis |
| assessment of oxygenation | resp. rate, rythm, pattern, effort *use of acessory muscles *breath sounds *chest shape/size *cough *pulse rate, rhythm, palpations *bl pressure |
| when assesing a cough, assess for | s/s ass. with cough *sputum appearance,color, odor *sputum amt *sputum timing *sputum samples |
| signs of respiratory effort | nasal flaring, retractions, use of accessory muscles, grunting, body position, stidor, orthopnea, wheezing, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea |
| the physician orders sputum specimen for culture for a client with probable pneumonia. in order to obtain a good specimen the nurse should... | teach the client deep breathing and coughing tech. Can rince mouth with water if need (ie. just ate) |
| Respiratory diagnostic studies | chest Xray, EKG, sputum spec.(sterile), bronchoscopy, pulmonary func test, lab test-CBC, WBC, ABG's, Chlosterol |
| pulse oximetry | simple noninvasive, measures SaO2, Normal value is 95-100%, below 94 should be investigated Gives an estimate of ABG's |
| ABG's is indictive of | what is causing the breathing problem. gives us their pH. gives us PO2, and CO2 values. Radial artery hold pressure for at least 5 min. after to stop bleeding |
| a pt pulse ox alarm sounds and then the nurse finds it to read 75%. what should the nurse do first? | Check the probe. (see what the problem is first) |
| best time to obtain a sputum spec is | early in the morning when they first wake up, and after changing positions. |
| EKG | checks cardiac func |
| bronchoscopy | visual of . can collect spetums. assess their gag feflex when they come back from procedure before giving anything PO. |
| to do a pulm func test | the client must be able to follow directions |
| stridors can indicate | obstruction. try to have pt cough to clear throat. |
| hemoglobin | k |
| hemocrit | k |
| supplys of oxygen | wall outlets, compressed O2 in portable tanks, liquid O2 units, oxygen concentrators |
| oxygen hazards | O2 is a DRUG. oxygen toxicity, combustible, pressure |
| artifical airways | oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, endotracheal, tracheal |
| pneumonia | is an acute infection resulting in inflammation of lung tissue. *results in reduced functioning lung volumes due to exudates and consolidation. *altered gass perfusion *hypoxemia (most common place to have pneumonia is lower back) |
| pneumonia is freq seen in ppl with | COPD |
| hospital aquired pneumonia | invasive resp procedures (suctioning, aspiration, on oxygen, tube feedings, not good hand washing) is the most lethal nosocomial infection |
| Good times to suction | when hearing gurgling sounds *restlessness or anixious assess resp status |
| risk factors for pneumonia | compromised defences, immunosuppression, smoking, prolonged immobility (TCDB), shallow breathing patterns, age |
| assessment for pneumonia | cough and sputum production, fever and chills, chest pain (hurts to breathe), decreased lung sounds, tachypnea (25-45 bpm), resp. distress |
| assessment for pneumonia test | decreased PO2, elevated WBC, chest xray |
| inerventions for pneumonia | maintain adequate oxygenation, give abx as ordered, admin bronchodialtors, maintain adequate gas exchange, promote comfort adn rest, promote hydration and nutrition |
| interventions for pneumonia cont. | TCDB, incentive spirometry, oxygenation admin, suctioning- oral, monitor pulse oximeter |
| pneumonia in the older adult | increased frequency, difficult to treat, higher mortality rate, symptoms may be masked |
| a client has crackles on auscultation and dullness to percussion in the left lower lobe. the nurse can expect to plan care for a client with | pneumonia |
| copd | most common chronic lung disease. destructive changes in aveolar walls and enlargement of air spaces. airflow limitation is progressive with an abnormal inflam response. not fully reversible |
| copd | chronic bronchitis (chronic sputum prd. and a cough 3 mo. out of a year)emphysema (hypoxemia can lead to Right sd HF |
| physiological changes with chronic bronchitis | thickened bronchial walls. smoke or other irritants cause hypersecretion and inflam. *causes mucous plugs *bronchioles become fibrosed. |
| physiological chages with emphysema | loss of elastic recoil (dont compress back to normal) lungs become permanently over distended (barrel chested). Air becomes trapped in alveoli. Altered O2 -CO2 exchange. Can lead to HF |
| Risk factors for copd | smoking. occupational hazards. ambient air pollution. genetic abnormalities |
| assessment with copd | dyspnea. use of accessory muscles. prolonged expiration. thin with barrel chest. elevated CO2 |
| a long term pt copd pt is recieving O2 @ 1 L per min. and the family member decides she doesnt look good and turns it up to 7 L per min. What should the nurse's inital action be? | Immediately decrease to the O2 |
| Nursing care with copd | avoid inhaled irritants. improve effciency of breathing patterns. improve gas exchange (1-2 L O2 only). Prevent infection. Improve airway clearance (bronchodilators &exporant)Improve activity tolerance(consolidate activities &allow for pd of rest & act) |
| nursing care with copd continued | improve nutritional intake (high callorie and protien) teach pursed lip breathing |
| comlications with copd | resp failure (increased resp. rate, pulse ox decreased, increased heart rate). Respiratory infections. Cor Pulmonae (right sided heart failure) |
| medications for copd | bronchodialators Corticosteroids |
Created by:
chelsea309
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