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Exam 1 for Bio 140B
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Population | group of individuals in a single species that interact in space and time |
| What are the two observations? | -Individuals in a population vary in their heritable characteristics -Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support |
| What are the two inferences? | -Individuals that are well suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals - Over time, favorable traits accumulate in the population |
| Lamarck(species can change) | -advocate of evolution -came up with Inheritance of Acquired characteristics -thought Earth was very young when bible was written |
| Hutton (gradual geological change) | -father of geology -looked at everyday observable processes of erosion -said Earth was very old! This shook foundations of society |
| Linnaeus (classification) | - major father of Biology -travel ships to bring naturalists -1st to organize species -Species are adapted to their environment |
| Hutton/Lyoll | -geologist -observable processes + time make huge changes |
| Malthus (population limits) | -sociologist -too many people, not enough resources -Competition for resources |
| Cuvier (fossils, extinction) | -french anatomist -extinction happens |
| Evolution | based on the interactions between populations and their environment |
| Population is also known as ___ | group |
| Over production | organisms produce more offspring than can survive |
| Limited Resources | there usually isn't enough to go around |
| Evolution via Natural Selection by Observations | - Over Production - Limited Resources - Variation -Inheritance of Variation |
| Variation | individuals vary extensively (phenotype) |
| Inheritance of Variation | Much of this morphological variation is inherited (genotype) |
| Struggle for existence | production of more individuals than can be supported leads to competition for resources |
| Evolution via Natural Selection by Inferences | - struggle for existence -survival of the best adapted -accumulation of adaptations |
| survival of the best adapted | individuals with traits that give them an advantage in the struggle for limited resources will survive. These individuals are more likely to leave offspring than individuals that are less fit |
| accumulation of adaptations | the unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to a gradual change in populations |
| What are the scientific evidences of evolution? | - Darwin in The Origin of Species - humans - fossil record -molecular -homology -convergent evolution -ontogeny -bio geography |
| Fossils | -Pakicetus (terrestrial) -Rhodocetus (predominately aquatic) -Dorudon (fully aquatic) - Balaena (recent whale ancestor) |
| Species | discrete groups differing in appearance, behavior, ecology, genetics, etc |
| population | a localized group of individuals |
| gene | a sequence of of nucleotide s producing a protein |
| allele | alternate form of a gene |
| gene pool | all alleles at all gene loci in all individuals in a population |
| microevolution | change in allele frequencies within a population |
| macroevolution | evolutionary change at the species level or higher |
| Causes of Microevolution | -genetic drift -gene flow - mutations - non-random mating - natural selection |
| genetic drift | change in gene frequencies of a population due to chance |
| Parts of genetic drift | - bottleneck effect - founder effect |
| gene flow | genetic exchange between populations |
| Modes of Natural Selection | -stabilizing -directional -disruptive |
| Mechanisms of Speciation | -Prezygotic -Postzygotic |
| Geographic Modes of Speciation | - Allopatry vicariance - allopatry dispersal -parapatry -sympatry |
| Adaptive Radiation | is rapid macro evolution of multiple species due to open many new niches |
| Current Distribution | Interaction of: -Early history and place of origin -Fragments of continents -climatic changes -cooling and ice age -mass extinctions and adaptive radiations -land bridges |
| Deep time perspective | 1. 4 Zoic Eras 2. Overview of Major Events 3. Historic Biogeography |
| 5 Eras | -paleozoic -proterozoic -archaean -cenozoic -mesozoic |
| The rise and fall of dominant groups reflect __, __, and __ | continental drift; mass extinctions; and adaptive radiations |
| What happens to Earth through the process of continental drift? | Earth's continents move slowly over the underlying hot mantle |
| What do plate interactions cause? | mountains, islands, and earthquakes |
| Adaptive Radiation | the evolution of many new species adapted from a common ancestor upon introduction to new environmental opportunities (new niches). |
| How does adaptive radiation occur? | -evolution of novelty -after mass extinction -formation of new land -piggyback on other organisms |
| What were the challenges of Land? | -structural support -dehydration -reproduction |
| Who proposes binomial nomenclature? | Carl Linnaeus |
| Genus Species | -allow biologists with different languages to communicate about organizations -biologists in distant locations can be certain they study the same (or different) organisms |
| Hierarchical system of classification | -domain -kingdom -phylum -class -order -family -genus -species |
| Three Domain Classification | -Domain Bacteria -Domain Archaea -Domain Eukarya |
| Metabolism consists of ____ | autotrophs, heterotrophs, nitrogen |
| Reproduction | binary fission, budding, sporulation |
| lysogenic cycle | creates bursting daughter cells of bacteria |
| lytic cycle | nucleic acids of virus break DNA of bacteria, takes over machinery to create protein coats. |
| Kingdoms in Eukarya | -Protista -Animalia -Plantae -Fungi |
| Within individual variation | -individual loci -chromosomes -organism |
| Among population variation | Within population variation |
| Why is genetic variation important? | essential for evolution to occur, and population dynamics is about likelyhood (normal distribution) |
| Bottleneck Effect | -Disaster reduces population size so gene pool is reduced and unlikely to represent the original population. -By chance, some alleles will be over-or under represented and in some cases eliminated |
| Example of Bottleneck Effect | Northern Elephant Seals, cheetahs |
| Founder Effect | -A few individuals colonize an isolated island, lake etc. -Small gene pool unlikely to reflect variety of original population |
| Natural Selection Points | -Differential reproductive success -Only mechanism likely to adapt a population to its environment -Heritable Variation – idea is central to Darwin’s theory -Evolutionary (Darwinian) Fitness -Selection acts on phenotypes – indirectly on genotypes |
| Prerequisites for Natural Selection | -Trait Variation -Difference in fitness among traits -Inheritance -Sources of Variation |
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