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R&D vocab list 2
R&D virus through monohybrid
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bacteriophage | a virus that parasitizes a bacteria by infecting it and reproducing inside it. |
| Chromosomes | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes |
| Centromere | point on a chromosome where mitotic spindle fibers attach to pull sister chromatids apart during cell division. |
| Daughter Cell | produced after a single cell undergoes cell division. |
| Diploid | cell or nucleus which contains two copies of genetic material |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | a substance that carries genetic information in the cells of plants and animals |
| Spindle Fibers | microscopic protein structures which help divide genetic material during cell division. |
| Adenine | matches with Thymine in DNA and Uracil in mRNA |
| Guanine | matches with Cytosine |
| Thymine | matches with Adenine |
| Cytosine | Matches with Guanine |
| Double helix | the shape that DNA takes |
| Inherited | to have (a characteristic, or trait) because of the genes that you get from your parents when you are born |
| Nitrogenous bases | adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine |
| G1 phase | Phase period when cell growth and development occur |
| S phase | DNA replication / synthesis occurs |
| G2 phase | Phase when organelles needed in cell division are made last check before mitosis |
| Prophase | 1st stage of mitosis nucleus breaks down |
| Metaphase | 2nd stage of mitosis chromosomes line up across the center of the cell |
| Anaphase | 3rd stage of mitosis the spindle pulls apart the chromosomes |
| Telophase | 4th stage of mitosis Two nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes still one cell but with two nuclei |
| Cytokinesis | The cytoplasm pinches the cell in half. Two new identical cells with the same DNA in each nucleus is formed |
| Interphase | the resting phase between mitosis divisions of a cell |
| Cell cycle | the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA |
| Mitosis | a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus |
| Meiosis | The form of cell division by which gametes (sex cells), with half the number of chromosomes, are produced. |
| Gametes | have half the number of chromosomes (sperm or egg) |
| Insertion | One base is added or inserted into a DNA or RNA nucleotide sequence |
| Deletion | One Base is removed or deleted |
| Substitution | One base is changed. The other bases stay the same |
| Translocation | One or more bases move to another area of the nucleotide sequence or chromosome |
| Duplication | A COPY OF ONE OR MORE BASES are found |
| Inversion | Two or more bases invert/flip in the nucleotide sequence |
| Point Mutation | When a single base is changed |
| Frameshift Mutation | When one or more bases changed, inserted or deleted |
| Translation | the process of making a protein (polypeptide) by decoding the mRNA message |
| Transcription | the process that makes a single-stranded RNA (messenger RNA) from double stranded DNA |
| mRNA | carries nucleotide sequence from nucleus to ribosome |
| rRNA | found in ribosome |
| tRNA | picks up amino acid in cytoplasm and carries them to ribosome |
| Codon | A set of three adjacent nucleotides, also called triplet |
| Amino Acid | the building block or monomer of a protein |
| Virus | a chain of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) which lives in a host cell, uses parts of the cellular machinery to reproduce, and releases the replicated nucleic acid chains to infect more cells. |
| Capsid | the outer protein coat of a mature virus |
| Lytic Cycle | named for the process of lysis, which occurs when a virus has infected a cell, replicated new virus particles, and bursts through the cell membrane, shorter cycle |
| Lysogenic Cycle | a method by which a virus can replicate its DNA using a host cell, longer cycle |
| Pathogens | anything that invade organisms and cause illness |
| Vaccines | shots given to boost your immunity to a virus before you become infected |
| Gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and determines a trait. |
| Alleles | alternate forms of genes. One comes from you mom and one comes from your dad. |
| Dominant allele | is expressed even if it is paired with a recessive allele |
| Recessive allele | only visible when paired with another recessive allele. |
| Genotype | describe the genetic make-up (all of the genes) of an individual |
| Phenotype | outward appearance of an individual |
| Punnett square | used to show the possible combinations of gametes and allow us to determine the probability of an allele combination. |
| Monohyrid cross | cross between two parents |
| Homozygous | The genotypes are the same, example BB, bb |
| Heterozygous | The genotypes are different, example Bb |
Created by:
Justin.magers
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