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Classifications Sche
Any combination of terms or nomenclature schemes might be used
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| blocker | another term for an antagonist drug, because antagonists block the action of neurotransmitters. |
| homeostasis | the state of equilibrium of the body. |
| mimetic | another term for an agonist, because agonist imitate or "mimic" the action of the neurotransmitter. |
| neurotransmitter | substances that carry the impulses from one neuron to another. |
| analgesics an⋅al⋅ge⋅sic [an-l-jee-zik, -sik] | drugs create a state in which the pain from a painful medical condition is not felt. |
| analgesia | a stat in which pain is not felt through a painful condition exists. |
| anti-pyretic | reduces fever |
| Analgesics Classifications | Salicylates, NSAIDs, Acetaminophen, Opiate Type |
| Salicylates sa⋅lic⋅y⋅late [suh-lis-uh-leyt] | - Relieve mild to moderate pain- Anti-inflammatory- Anti-pyretic |
| Acetaminophen a⋅ce⋅ta⋅min⋅o⋅phen [uh-see-tuh-min-uh-fuhn] | - Relieves mild to moderate pain- Anti-pyretic |
| NSAIDS (Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs)[ěn'sād', -sěd'] | - More potent than salicylates.- Relieve mild to moderate pain.- Anti-inflammatory.- Anti-pyretic.Common drugs in this category include ibuprofen (Motrin) and napoxen (Naprosyn). |
| Opiate-type | Taken from the poppy plant (Papaever Somniferum), opium was also used in ancient times to relieve pain. Common durgs include morphine and codeine,while common drugs include meperidine (Demerol) and propoxyphene (Darvon). |
| Salicylic Acid | a white, crystalline, very slightly water-soluble powder, C7H6O3, prepared from salicin or phenol: used as a food preservative, in the manufacture of aspirin,Hippocrates and othe ancient physicians used plantssuch as gaultheria and the poplar tre |
| Opiate-type Drugs & the Brain - Mu (u) | Three specific receptors in the brain have been identified to react to opiate and opioid drugs: Mu(u) - produces ephoria, respiratory depression and physical dependence. |
| Opiate-type Drugs & the Brain - Kappa (K) | Three specific receptors in the brain have been identified to react to opiate and opioid drugs: Kappa(K) - produces analgesia |
| Opiate-type Drugs & the Brain - Sigma (o) | Three specific receptors in the brain have been identified to react to opiate and opioid drugs: Sigma(o) - produces dysphoria and hallucinations. |
| Anesthetic Agentsan⋅es⋅thet⋅ic [an-uhs-thet-ik] | Anesthetics cause an absence of sensation or pain. |
| Anesthetic Agents are classified into two groups | Local and General |
| Local Anesthetics | block pain conduction from peripheral nerves to the central nervous system without causing a loss of consciousness |
| General Anesthestics | depress the CNS (Central Nervous System) to the level of unconsciousness. |
| Local Anesthetics Indications | - dental work or discomfort (topical or injection)- birth pain - (spinal, epidural orcaudal IV);- sunburn, hemorrhoids and skin irritations (topical) |
| Local Anesthetics Groups | Esters, Amides, Others |
| Esters | metabolized by enzymes found in the blood or skin, short to moderate duration of effictiveness. Examples include:procaine, benzocaine, butamben, and tetracaine. |
| Amides | metabolized in the liver and therefore longer acting. Examples inlcude: lidocaine, procainamide, bupivacaine, and dibutcaine |
| Anthestetic (Others) | those agents suitable for patients with allergies to esthers or amides. Examples are dyclonin and pramoxine. |
| surgical anesthesia | the stage of anesthesia in which surgery can be safely conducted. |
| medually paralysis | an overdose of anesthesia that paralyzes the respiratory and heart centers of the medulla, leading to death. |
| General Anesthesia (The Four Stages) | Stage I - AnalgesaStage II - ExcitementStage III - Surgical AnesthesiaStage IV - Medullary Paralysis |
| Stage I - Analgesia | Euphoria with loss of pain and consciousness. |
| Stage II - Excitement | Increase in sympathetic nervous system effects such as blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate. |
| Stage III - Surgical Anesthesia | The stage in which surgery can safely be conducted. There are four levels of surgical anesthesia, with the higer numbered levels producing deeper anesthesia and more serious systemic effects. |
| Stage IV - Medullary Paralysis | An overdose of anesthesia can compromise the respiratory and heart centers of the brain's medulla and cause death. |
| Inhalation Anesthetics | Examples - Isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane |
| Intravenous Anesthetics | propofol, diazepam, etomidate, and methohexital. |
| Anti-Infectives | treat disease produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and parasitic worms. |
| Anti-infective Classifications | Antibiotic (Antimicrobial), Antivirul, and Antifungal |
| Other forms of Anti-infectives | antimycobacterials,antiprotozoals and antihelminthics. Metronidazole is also included in the drug chart. |
| antimycobacterials | agents that treat tubercolosis, leprosy and the MAC complex in AIDS. |
| antiprotozoals | agents that reat malaria, vaginitis and sleeping sickness. |
| antihelminthics | agents that treat parasitic worms in the GI tract. |
| Metronidazole | a stand alone miscellaneous antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent. |
| Other forms of Antibiotics | cephalosoporins, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides |
| cephalosoporins | cefazolin, cefoxitin, ceftibuten, cefeprime, etc. |
| tetracyclines | tetracycline, doxcycline, etc. |
| sulfonamides | sulfasoxazole, sulfamylon, etc. |
| Types of antibiotic action | - damages the bacterial cell wall (e.d penicillians and cephalosporins)- modifies protein synthesis (e.g. erythromycin and tetracycline)- modifies energy metabolism (e.g. sulfonamides)- modifies DNA synthesis. (e.g. ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) |
| Antibiotic (Antimicrobial) | refer to chemicals of bacterial microorganisms which supress the growth of other microorganisms. |
| Antiviral | drug that attacts a virus |
| Antifungal | are used to treat fungal infections. Fungi are plant-like microorganism commonly found in molds and yeast. |
| bactericidal | bacterial killing |
| bacteriostatic | bacteria inhibiting |
| virustatic | drug that inhibits the growth of viruses |
| Antineoplastics | inhibit the new growth of cancer cells or neoplasms. |
| Antineoplastic Agents Classification | Antimetabolites, Alkylating Agents, Plant Alkaloids, and Hormonal |
| malignancy | used to denote the presence of a life-threatening cancerous group of cells or tumor. |
| lymphocyte | a type of white blood cell that releases antibodies that destroy disease cells. |
| metastasis | when cancer cells spread beyond thier original site. |
| neoplasm | a new and abnormal tissue growth, ofetn referring to cancer cells. |
| remission | a state in which cancer cells are inactive |
| The Lymphatic System | is the center of the body's immune system |
| Antimetabolites | these antineoplastic drugs inhibit cell growth and replication by mimicking natural metabolites and taking their place within the cells. |
| Alkayting Agents | these drugs interfere with mitosis or cell division by binding with DNA and preventing cellular replication. |
| Currently widely-used anticoplastic drugs | alkylating agents (nitrogen mustards), antimetabolites, and plant alkaloids. |
| Other Anticoplastic agents | Hormones, anitbiotics, and radioactive isotopes. |
| Cardiovascular Classification Agents | antianginals, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensives,vasopressors, antihyperlipidemics,thrombolytics and anticoagulants. |
| arrhythmia | an abnormal heart beat |
| cardiac cycle | the contraction and relaxation of the heart that pumps blood through the cardiovascular system |
| diastolic pressure | the minimuc blood pressure when the heart relaxes;the second number in a blood pressure reading. |
| electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) | a graph of the heart's rhythm |
| embolism, embolus | a clot that has traveled in the bloodstream to a point where it obstructs flow. |
| mycocardium | heart muscle. |
| systolic pressure | the maximum blood pressure when the heart contracts; the first number in a blood pressure reading. |
| thrombus | a blood clot. |
| Antianginals | used to treat cardiac related chest pain (angina) resulting from ischemic heart disease. Patients with this condition suffer lack of oxy& blood flow 2 t/myocardium.Nitrates,beta block,&cal chan block(e.g. nitroglycerine(Nitrostat)& nifedipine(Procardia) |
| Antiarrhythmics | are used to treat irregular heart rhythms. Digoxin (Lanoxin) and propranolol (Inderal) include beta blocker and drugs that block sodium, potassium ion, and calcium channels. |
| Antihypertensives | used to reduce a sustained elevation in blood pressure. Examples of diuretics are furosemide (Lasix)& altace (Ramipril). e.g. of potassium sparing diuretic is spironolactone (Aldactone) |
| Vasopressors | act to increase blood pressure. The patient may be given IV solution (5% dextros w/water, lactated ringers or dopamine (Dobutamine). |
| Antihyperlipidemics | are used to lower high levels of cholesterol that can lead to blocked blood vessels.eg are ezetimibe and simvastatin (Vytorin) and provastatin (Pravacho) |
| Thromboyltics/Anticoagulants | used to dissolve blood and to prevent their formation. warfin (Coumadin) and heparin (HepLock) |
| Beta Blockers | Drugs that reduce oxygen demands of the heart muscle. |
| Calcium channel blockers | Drugs that relax the heart by reducing heart conduction. |
| Diuretics | Durgs that decrease blood pressure by decreasing blood volume. They decrease volume by increasing the elimination of salts and water through urination. |
| ACE Inhibitors | The "-pril" drugs, they relay the blood bessels. NOte: the "-sartan" drugs are considered a subgroup |
| Vasodilators | Drugs that relax and expand the blood vessels. |
| Dermatological | refer to a drug used to treat a condition of disease related to the skin. |
| Integumentary System | the skin |
| Skin conditions | trauma, fluid accumulation, discoloration and pigmentation |
| trauma | burns, cuts, abrasion, brusis |
| fluid accumulation | edema, cellulitis, blisters |
| hyper or hypo-melanin | skin pigment |
| dry skin or scaling | dandruff |
| skin cancers | basal cell, squamous cell, or melanoma |
| non-malignant growths | keratoses |
| Electrolytic Agents | are water saluble minerals that are contained in our body fluids as salts. |
| Common Electrolytes | sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca++), chloride (CI-), and Magnesium (MG++) |
| anions | a negatively chared ion |
| cations | a positively charged ion |
| dissociation | when a compoound breaks down and seperates into smaller components |
| electrolytes | a substance that in solution forms ions that conduct an electrical current |
| extracellular fluids | the fluid outside the body's individual cells found in plasma and tissue fluid. |
| intracellular fluids | cell fluid |
| interstitial fluid | tissue fluid |
| ions | electrically charged particles |
| Immunbiologic Agents | contain antibodies that have been produced by other humans or animals. |
| Immunobiolic classification agents | vaccines, toxiods e.g, DPT) and immun globins |
| vaccine | is a suspension congtaining infectious agents used to boost the body's immune system response. |
| Anti-inflammatory | refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids which affect the central nervous system. |
| Ibufenac derivatives | acetic & propionic acid deriv bearing a sub aromatic hydrocarbon ring,incl flunisal,fenoprofen,ibuprofen, naproxen, alclofenac, amfenac, cliprofen, fenclofenac, fenclorac,fluprofen,ketoprofen, naproxol, fenbufen,&ibufenac, inc accpt salts |
| Synthetic Polypeptides | Polymerized Amino Acids |
| Antiarrhythmic | agents are a group of pharmaceuticals that are used to suppress fast rhythms of the heart (cardiac arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation |
| antacids | preventing, neutralizing, or counteracting acidity, as of the stomach |
| aluminium salts | are used as the active antiperspirant agent in underarm cosmetics, but the effects of widespread, long term and increasing use remain unknown, especially in relation to the breast, which is a local area of application. |
| androgens | a male sex hormone (as testosterone) |
| serotonin receptor antagonists | is a compound that activates serotonin receptors, mimicking the effect of the neurotransmitter serotonin. There are various serotonin receptors and ligands. |
| serotonin se·ro·to·nin | phenolic amine neurotransmitterC10H12N2O that is a powerful vasoconstrictor and is found especially in the brain, blood serum, and gastric mucous membrane of mammals called also 5-HT,5-hydroxytryptamine |
| anthelminthics ant·hel·min·tic | Acting to expel or destroy parasitic intestinal worms |
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