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micro test 2 extra
dtcc micro test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| most cells are made up of | agar |
| some cells are made up of ___ instead of agar | gelatin |
| some bacteria eat/ absorb ___ | gelatin |
| purpose media is a ____ | complex type |
| fastidious is ? | Bacteria that require growth factors and complex nutrients |
| both selective and differential media have the ability to | suppress the growth of some organisms and produce a visual distinction among the ones that do grow |
| what is an incubator | a temperature-controlled chamber to encourage the multiplication of microbes |
| how do we observe incubation on a liquid? | cloudiness, sediment, color change |
| how do we observe incubation on a solid? | appearance of colonies |
| what may be needed for growth to occur during incubation? | o2 or carbon dioxide may be required for growth |
| what is the desired result for isolation? | pure culture |
| what techniques do we use to isolate microbes? | steak plate, pour plate/loop dilution, spread plate |
| streak plate | thins out the sample and separates cell |
| loop dilution | dilutes the number of cells in each successive tube in the series |
| spread method | small volume of diluted sample is pipetted onto the surface of solid medium spread evenly by hockey stick |
| • What are the major components of the cell? | cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm |
| • What are the cardinal temperatures? | minimum, optimum, maximum |
| parasites deprive nutrients from | living host |
| obligate parasites are? | unable to grow outside living host |
| heat is an? | Imp agent in microbial control |
| typhus bacterium multiplies between | 32c-38c |
| staph aureus grow between | 6c-46c |
| What are the terms used to categorize microbes with different optimum temperatures? | Psychrophile, psychrotroph, mesophile, thermophile, extreme thermophile |
| psychrophiles are? | below 15c capable at 0c, wont grow above 20c, |
| psychrotrops grow between? | 15-30c |
| Medically significant microbes are? | mesophiles |
| psychrotrops grow at? | 20-40c |
| thermoduric have | Heat resistant endospore formers Bacilus and Clostridium |
| gases are catergorized based on | us and ability to detoxify |
| The atmospheric gases that influence microbial growth are | o2 and co2 |
| O2 has the greatest impact on | microbial growth |
| O2 is an important | respiratory gas and a powerful oxidizing agent. |
| microbes fall into three categories | use o2 and detoxify it, nuse neither o2 nor detoxify it, do not use 02 but can detoxify it |
| what are the toxic products of oxygen | singlet o2, superoxide ion, hydrogen peroixde, hydroxyl radicals |
| 3 types of microbes that use o2 are? | aerobes, microaerophiles, anaerobes |
| three types of anaerobes are? | facultative, aerotolerant, obligate |
| anaerobes lace | the metabolic enzyme for o2 |
| all microbes require some ____ in their metabolism | co2 |
| co2 requirements are not relate to | o2 requirements |
| strong acids and bases damage | metabolic enzymes and cellular substrate |
| the ph scales are called | acidophiles and alkalinophiles |
| acidophiles organisms thrive at | acidic enviornments |
| alkalinophiles organism thrive in | alkaline conditions |
| osmotic pressure are | most microbes exist under hypotonic and isotonic conditons |
| the pressure of ocean depths subject organisms to | increasing hydrostatic pressure |
| radiation phtotrops use | visible light rays as energy source |
| Some microbes produce yellow carotenoid pigments to protect against | effects of light by absorbing toxic o2 |
| Other types of radiation that can damage microbes are | uv and ionizing rays |
| symviosis is a situation in which | 2 organisms live togther in close patnership |
| what are the 3 categories of symbiosis? | mutualism, commensalism, parasitism |
| Mutualism microbes recieve necessary | nutrients that gives its host benifits |
| mutualism microbes help the healthy development of | immune system |
| mutualism good microbes are in | the gut (normal biota) |
| non-saprobes can have | both parasitic and commensal members |
| the 2 non-symbiotic relationships are | antagonism and synergism |
| antibiotics is a form of | antagonism |
| antibitoics isolated from bacteria and fungi are used a | drugs |
| biofilms are a partnership among multiple | microbial inhabitants |
| microbes in a biofilm as opposed to free living forms respond | very differently to their environments |
| biofilms are mixed communities of | different kinds of bacteria |
| bacteria most often grow using a process called | binary fission |
| Exponential growth equation | N^t=[n^i)2^n |
| Count colonies x volume = | Estimated total population |
| N^t = | Total number |
| N^I = | Starting number of cells |
| N= | Generation number |
| 2^n = | Number of cells in that generation |
| Closed growth system | Predictable growth. Pattern |
| Open growth system | You have to continuous provide nutrients and remove waste products |
| What are the stages in the normal growth curve | 1. Lag 2. Log 3. Stationary growth 4. Death |
| Viable nonculturable state (vnc) is | Cells is death phase are ali e but dormant. |
| Visible plate closed culturing | Nutrients and space no waste removal |
| Closed culture causes. ___ in growth graph | Curve |
| What is typical for generation time of bacteria | 20-60 minutes all are different |
| You can count bacterial growth by | 1. Turbidity 2. Counting 3. Genetic probing |
| Cell counting by these 2 methods | 1. Direct counting 2. Coulter count |
| Flow cytometer counts | Number of cells, size, diff tween live and dead |
| Active (early to mid) phase makes bacteria | More contagious |
| Virus cell sei. Ks | 20nm-450nm |
| Nucleic acid can be | DNA or RNA not both |
| Old classification system classifies viruses by | What host cell the infect (animal, bacteria, ect)or what disease the cause |
| Helical is a | Rod shape |
| Some virus envelope proteins are replaced with | Special viral protein |
| The animal virus life cycle takes | 8-36 hours |
| The animal virus life cycle has 5 stages | 3. Synthesis 4. Assembly 5. Release |
| Heptatis b only effect | Liver cells |
| Polio virus | Intestinal and nerve cells of primates |
| Tropisms are viruses that have | Tissue specifications for certain cells in the body |
| The mumps virus targets the | Salivary glands |
| Endocytosis the entire virus is | Engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole or vesicle l0 |
| Dna is in the | nucleus |
| rna is in the | cytoplasm |
| retroviruses turn rna into | dna |
| the early synthesis phase is when | dna and rna enter and replicate |
| the late synthesis phase is when | transcription and translation of genes for capsid |
| after the late synthesis phase is when the new | viral genomes and capsids are matured viruses and are released by budding. |
| integration is when some viruse become | silently integrated into the host genome |
| integration of a virus may transform | cell into cancer cell, production of tumor |
| there are 2 methods of release of viruses they are? | 1. nonenveloped/ complex 2. enveloped |
| Cytopathic effects are | 1. damage to cell 2.size/shape 3. syncytia |
| syncytia is the | fusion of multiple host cells into single large cell with multiple nucleus |
| some cells carry viruses but do not undergo | lysis immediately this is persistent infections |
| during persistent infections the cell maintains _______ and can last from ______? | carrier relationships, weeks to life time |
| up to ___ % cancers are caused by viruses | 20% |
| The lytic life cycle (lytic phases) are | 1. attach tail fibers 2. inject nucleic acids 3. replicate virus 4. new complete phages 5. lyse cell release new virions 6. replicate dna/ rna 7. new virions 8. masturation 9. lysis weakens and releases virus |
| Lysogeny is known as the | silent virus infection |
| the temperate phages of Lysogeny are | 1. adsorption and penetration 2. do not undergo replication and release immediately |
| the viral dna enters an inactive prophage state which is | 1. inserted into chromosome 2. copied (cell division) |
| occasionally lysogenic phage genes cause the production of | toxins or enzymes that cause pathology in humans. |
| corynebacterium diphtheria is a | diphtheria toxin |
| vibro cholera is a | cholera toxin |
| clostridium botulinum is a | botulinum toxin |
| diphtheria toxins are responsible for | deadly nature of disease in bacteriophage product |
| Corynebacterium diphtheria without the | phage is harmless |
| spongiform encephalopathies has long periods of | latency (few years) before first clinical signs appear |
| prions can be | progressive and fatal |
| BSE is | bovine spongiform ancephalopathy (mad cows disease) |
| Prions have a multiple | system atrophy (MSA) |
| prions have an accumulation of | protein alpha-synuclein |
| Prions have symptoms | throughout the body |
| Viroids have | no capsid or any other coating |
| Most antiviral drugs block viral replication by targeting | the function of host cells but with severe side effects. |
| vaccines are | valuable but limited |
| the four possible outcomes of microbial control methods are | sterilization, disinfection, decontamination/ sanitization antisepsis/ degermination |
| what types of microbes are the most resistant to disinfection/ destruction? | |
| practical matters in microbial control critical is that that come in | contact with mucous membrane (Endoscopy tube) |
| practical matters in microbial control non critical are items that do not | touch patient or are only expected to touch intact skin |
| an example of critical microbial control | blood pressure cuffs or crutches |
| for microbial control Substance being treated | Solid to sensitive liquids (Serum) |
| Method of disposal could be | Catheter or syringes are sterilized |
| some concerns when choosing a method of microbial control is | cost, effectiveness, method of disposal are all important |
| defining death in general is | permanent termination of organism |
| in general organism death | Loss of nervous function, respiration or heartbeat |
| factors that influence death rate is | 1. # of organisms 2. kind 3. temp and ph 4. mode of action 5. interference of organic matter |
| microbial control techniques targets the | 1. cell wall 2. cell membrane 3. cellular synthesis (dna/ rna) 4. proteins |
| Methods of controlling mirobes can be divided into two categories | physical and chemical |
| Freezing and drying microbes | Desiccation does kill some organisms Freezing/Chilling kills very few |
| Delicate pathogens such as streptococcus pneumoniae can die after | a few hours of air drying |
| Staphylococci and Streptococci in dried secretions and tubercle bacillus surrounded by | sputum can remain viable in air and dust for lengthy periods |
| Cold treatment is to | slow growth of cultures and microbes |
| Some psychrophiles grow very slowly even at | freezing temperatures can continue to secrete toxic products |
| two variables are determined for microbes that are common or important contaminants in various heat treated materials are | temp and time |
| Incineration in a flame is perhaps the most | rigorous of all heat treatments |
| The flame of bunsen burner reaches | 1870c |
| Dry/Hot Air Ovens | 1. up to 400 degrees 2. take long time 3. accidental burning |
| boiling is good for | non lab needs |
| incineration method presents | hazards to the operator and to the environment |
| boiling is a | Good disinfection method but not sterilization |
| flash method is less likely to | change flavor and nutrient content |
| flash temp | 71.6c for 15sec |
| batch temp | 63 to 66c for 30 min |
| pressurized steam machine is called an ___ and pressure raises boiling water to ___ and sterilizes in ___ | autoclave, 121c 15 minutes |
| at sea level 1 atmospheric pressure (psi) water boils | 100c |
| at 15 atmospheric pressure (psi) water boils at | 121c |
| pasteurization (steaming) limitations are not suitable for | substances that repel moisture |
| radiation can be done on a | large scale |
| there are 2 types of radiation and they are | ionizing and nonionizing |
| radiation is energy emitted from | atomic activities and dispersed at high velocity through matter or space |
| wavelengths that is suitable for microbial control are | 1.gamma rays 2. xrays 3. uv radiation |
| desiccation (freezing and chilling) and potentially dangerous because | it doesn't affect most microbes just slows it |
| ionizing radiation is an effective alternative for | sterilizing materials that are sensitive to heat or chemicals |
| the advantages of ionizing radiation is that it is | speed, high penetrating power with absences of heat |
| ionizing radiation is limited because some foods | do not irradiate well |
| radiation machines can cause danger to | operators from exposure and damage some materials |
| non ionizing radiation is | uv rays |
| non ionizing radiation is very good for | air, some liquids, surface of solids |
| non ionizing radiation is at what nm | 100-400nm |
| bacterial spores are | 10 times more resistant to radiation that vegetative cells |
| uv disinfection of liquid requires a special | instrument to spread the liquid into a think film |
| filter sterilization doesnt alter | substance with heat or chemicals |
| osmotic pressure causes | pickling, smoking and drying |
| adding large amounts of salt or sugar creates a _____ environment for ___ in foods, causing _____ and making it impossible for ___ to ____. | hypertonic, bacteria, plasmolysis, bacteria, multiply |
| chemical controls can affect | liquid, gas or solid |
| chemical control has a complete range of | efficacy |
| the common forms of chemical control is | aqueous solutions, tinctures |
| aqueous solutions is | dissolved in water |
| tinctures is | dissolved in alcohol or water alcohol mixtures |
| microbicidal is rapid acting even at | low concentrations |
| microbicidal are | soluble and stable in alcohol or water |
| microbicidal are non | non corrosive and non staining |
| factors that affect activity of chemical agents are | 1. type of micoorganisms 2. type of material being treated 3. degree of contamination 4. time of exposure 5. strength and chemical action of germicide |
| halogens denature | enzymes and suspend metabolic reactions |
| halogens kills | all microbes including spores |
| halogens can be | slow, toxic, and irritating to skin |
| halogen elements are | flourine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine |
| hydrogen peroxide forms | toxic free radicals |
| hydrogen peroxide can be | sporicidal at high concentrations |
| hydrogen peroxide are good for | tissues and delicates |
| hydrogen peroxide is oxygen forms | free radicals which are highly toxic and reactive to cells |
| aldehydes are | Glutaraldehyde and Formaldehyde |
| aldehydes sterilizes | medical equipment |
| formaldehyde is | toxic, irritating and carcinogenic |
| glutaraldehyde are somewhat | unstable with increased ph and temp |
| formaldehyde forms | formalin solution in water |
| when formaldehyde forms formalin solution in water is attaches to | nucleic acids and functional groups of amino acids |
| gas sterilization is _____ that disrupts | ethylene oxide, dna replication and enzymatic actions |
| gas sterilizations are s | sporicidal |
| gas sterilization disinfects | delicate or plastic instruments |
| gas sterilization are c | carcinogenic |
| gas sterilization is explosive and must be combined with | high % of co2 or fluorocarbon |
| phenol can be | dangerous/ irrating as antiseptics |
| phenol toxicity of many | phenolics makes them dangerous |
| chlorhexidine works __ with ___ | fast, mild to low toxicity |
| chlorhexidine has veriable effectivness on | viruses and gunfi |
| alcohol is e | ethanol or isopropanol over 50% |
| alcohol is used as | skin degerming agents |
| detergents are effective on | viruses, algae, fungi, and gp bacteria |
| detergents are used for | household cleaning |
| detergents are ineffective on | tb, hepatitis, spores, ect. |
| polar molecules are | surfactants |
| anionic detergents are | limited microbial power |
| cationic is a | quaternary ammonium compound |
| heavy metal compounds are | silver or mercury |
| with heavy metal compounds microbes can develop | resistance to metals |
| heavy metal compounds can be | toxic |
| heavy metal compounds can be | organic or inorganic metallic salt |
| organic mercuials serve as preservatives in | cosmetics, opthalmic solutions and other substances |
| prophylaxis is the use of a drug to | prevent infection |
| Administer a drug to an infected person it will | destroy the infective agent without harming the host’s cells |
| an ideal antimicrobial drug compliments or assists the | host defenses |
| an ideal antimicrobial drug is reasonably | priced |
| the origin of antimicrobial bacteria is | stretomyces and bacillus |
| the origin of antimicrobial mold is | penicillium and cephalosporium |
| how to start antimicrobial therapy | 1. identify the organism 2. sensitivity/ susceptibility of organisms to drugs 3. condition of patient |
| epidemiology is the study and analysis of | patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions defined populations |
| now the we have identified the bug you must now determine | drug and dose |
| now that we have identified the bug you need to the consider the major factor | drug susceptibility |
| now that we have identified the bug there are 2 options for testing and they are | kirby-bauer test minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) |
| the pros of kirby bauer are | 1, easy 2. highly reproducible 3. in vitro matches in vivo results |
| the cons of kirby bauer is | 1. anaerobes and slow growers 2. qualitative, not quantitative |
| minimum inhibitory concentration prepares antibiotic at a known | 1/2 each time |
| minimum inhibitory concentration inoculates a small uniform sample of | pure culture into each tube |
| to interpret the ____ concentration of antibiotic that shows ____ is the minimum inhibitory concentration | smallest, no growth |
| MIC determines the | smallest effective dosage of a drug |
| the pros of MIC is | 1. quantitative 2. compare to dosage of tolerated by patients 2. allows for anaerobes 4. can be automated |
| the cons of MIC is | 1. requires more materials than KB 2. more error prone if using separate tubes |
| To determine how toxic an antimicrobic you look at the | therapeutic index |
| to calculate TI you do | toxic dose/ MIC |
| The Best drug has | high selective toxicity to infectious agent and low human toxicity |
| The smaller the TI ration the | greater the potential for toxic drug reactions |
| Peptidoglycan antibiotics are | 1. penicillin 2. derivatives 3. cephalosporins 4. Carbapenems 5. Bacitracin 6. Isoniazid 7. Vancomycin |
| Protein synthesis antibiotics | 1. aminoglycosides 2. Tetracyclines 3. Glycylcyclines 4. Macrolides 5.Clindamycin |
| 3 main actions of antibacterial drugs | 1. cell wall synthesis 2. protein synthesis nucleic acid structure and function 4. cell membrane structure 5. folic acid synthesis |
| what are some patient factors when considering drugs | 1. allergies 2. special group? infants, elderly, pregnant 3. drug interactions 5. site of infection 6. route of administration 7. cost |
| Folic acids antibitoics are | sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) |
| DNA/RNA antibiotics | fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin |
| Cell membrane antibiotics | polymyxins |
| when treating eukaryotic infections | 1. recall organism 2. bacterial antibiotics 3. selective toxicity |
| Macrolide Polyenes antifungal drug is | amphotericin B |
| _____ is a disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. symptoms vary, disease affects the lungs. | Histoplasmosis |
| Azoles has a wide range of | functions |
| Azoles drugs include | Miconazole Ketoconazole Fluconazole |
| Enchinocandins works against | Candida and aspergillosis |
| Enchinocandins drugs are | 1. Micagungin 2. Capsofungin |
| Nucleotide Cytosine analog drug is | Flucytosine |
| Nucleotide cytosine analog can be | cutaneous or systemic treatment |
| Nucleotide Cytosine analog combined with other drugs like | amphotericin B to treat systemic mycoses under close medical supervision |
| Antiprotozoans drugs are | 1. Quinines and quinolones 2. Flagyl 3. Quinacrine 4.Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) 5. Tetracyclines 6. Amoebicide metronisdazole |
| Quinines are used for | Malaria |
| The most effective drugs for Helminths | immobilize, disintegrate or inhibit the metabolism in all stages of life |
| Antivirals inhibit assembly and | release/prevent maturation of viral particles |
| Prophylactic Antimicrobials are | preventative |
| Prophylactic Antimicrobials cause | weak immune system |
| we avoid using Prophylactic Antimicrobials because it takes away | good bacteria |
| why after doing tests, treatment will a drug fail? | 1. cant get to infection site 2. resistance 3. more than 1 pathogen 4. patient reaction 5. drug cant reach site |
| drug resistance is when a | drug is not longer effective |
| drug resistance can occur in any | pathogen |
| ______ occurs through plasmids (resistance factors) that are transferred through conjugation. Sharing of such resistant genes accounts from the rapid proliferation of drug resistant species. | Horizontal gene transfer |
| Bacteria becomes resistant to drugs by secreting | new enzymes |
| How can a whole population is resistant to drugs because of | 1. transformation 2. transcution 3. conjugation |
| the 5 mechanisms of drug resistance is step 1 | Bacteria secretes new enzyme and inactivate drugs. |
| the 5 mechanisms of drug resistance is step 2 | Reduction in permeability/uptake |
| the 5 mechanisms of drug resistance is step 3 | drug is immediately eliminated |
| the 5 mechanisms of drug resistance is step 4 | binding sites are altered or decreased or affinity changes – Mutations or new genes |
| the 5 mechanisms of drug resistance is step 5 | Metabolic pathway gets affected |
| for prevention of emergence of resistant bacteria what are the 5 ways | 1.Take antibiotics for the time prescribed 2. Do not self prescribe 3. Take antibiotics as prescribed 4. Report adverse reactions immediately 5. Avoid antibiotics in food |
| some outcomes from an allergic reaction is | Rash, shock, respiratory arrest |
| People who are ______ to a drug become sensitized to it during the first contact usually without symptoms | allergic |
| when the immune system is _______, a second exposure to the drug can lead to allergic reactions | sensitized |
| Liver (Hepatotoxic) and kidneys (Nephrotoxic) GI tract CNS Cardiovascular system Blood forming tissue (Hemotoxic) Respiratory tract Skin Bones Teeth are all affected by | toxicities |
| superinfection is associated with | 1. long term antibiotic use 2. broad spectrum antibiotics |
| Possible Solutions to Superinfection are | 1. Probiotics 2. prebiotcs 3. fecal transplant |
| _______ - Preparations of live microorganisms that are fed to animals and humans to improve intestinal biota | probiotics |
| what replaces microbes lost during antimicrobial therapy or simply augment the biota that is already present | probiotics ex. yogurt |
| _____– Nutrients that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes on the intestine | prebiotics |
| ______- Transfer of feces from healthy person via colonoscopy. | fecal transplant |
| _____ refers to the ability of antibiotics to selectively target bacterial cells yet have no toxicity towards human cells | selective toxicity |
| why is selective toxicity difficult to achieve | the antiviral drug has to go inside the cell to stop the virus(affecting host) |
| one drawback for amphotericin B is it has poor | poor CNS penetration; not good enough to be used alone |
| The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause __ or __. | 1. disease 2. food spoilage |
| Which of the following are examples of physical agents or mechanical means used to control microbes? | 1. Filtration 2. Heat 3. Radiation 4. Cold |
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