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Bio Exam 1
Question | Answer |
---|---|
anecdotal evidence | type of evidence that is unreliable since it isn't based on systematic study |
peer review | review of article by experts before publication |
hypothesis | tentative explanation for scientific question |
independent variable | the variable being changed |
dependent variable | outcome that depends on variable being changed |
sample size | number of participants in a study |
statistical significance | measure that results are real and not due to chance |
scientific theory | explanation of natural world supported by evidence, never has been disproved |
homeostasis | relatively constant internal environment |
energy | the power to do work |
metabolism | the chemical reactions taking place in cells of living organisms that allow it to obtain and use energy |
element | substances that can not be broken down into smaller substances |
matter | anything that takes up space and has mass |
atom | smallest unit of an element that cannot be broken down into smaller units |
proton | positively charged subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom |
electron | negatively charged subatomic particle with negligible mass |
neutron | an electrically uncharged subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom |
nucleus | dense core of an atom |
covalent bond | strong chemical bond resulting from sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms |
molecule | atoms linked by covalent bonds |
organic | molecule with carbon based backbone and at least one c-h bond |
inorganic | molecule that lacks carbon based backbone and c-h bonds |
carbohydrate | organic molecule made up of one or more sugars |
monosaccharide | one sugar carbohydrate |
polysaccharide | carbohydrate with multiple linked sugar |
protein | organic molecule made up of linked amino acid subunits |
lipids | organic molecules that generally repel water |
nucleic acid | organic molecules made of linked nucleotide subunits |
macromolecules | large organic molecules that make up living organisms |
monomer | one chemical subunit of a polymer |
polymer | molecule made of individual subunits called monomers linked together in a chain |
monosacchride | building block or monomer of a carbohydrate |
amino acid | building block or monomer of a protein |
nucleotide | building block or monomer of a nucleic acid |
cell | basic structural unit of living organisms |
cell membrane | phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary of all cells |
phospholipid | type of lipid that forms the cell membrane |
hydrophobic | "water fearing" doesn't dissolve in water |
hydropholic | "water loving" does dissolve in water |
polar molecule | partial negative partial positive charge, electrons not shared equally |
example of polar molecule | water |
hydrogen bond | weak electrical attraction between partially negative and positive charged atoms |
cohesion | water molecules sticking to water molecules through hydrogen bonding |
adhesion | water molecules sticking to other surfaces through hydrogen bonding |
solvent | substance in which other substances can dissolve ie water |
solute | a dissolved substance |
solution | mixture of solute and solvent |
ionic bond | form between atoms that have opposite electrical charges |
ion | an electronically charged atom, the charge resulting from the loss or gain of electrons |
ph | the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
acid | has higher concentration of hydrogen ions and ph closer to 0 |
base | reduces hydrogen concentration making them more basic |
virus | infectious agent made of protein shell that encloses genetic information |
prion | protein only infectious agent |
antibiotic | chemical that slows or stops growth of bacteria |
`cell theory | cells make uo everything, cells are made from existing cells |
prokaryotic cells | cells that lack internal membrane- bound organelles |
eukaryotic cells | cells that contain membrane bound organelles, including a central nucleus |
organelles | compartments of eukaryotic cells that carry out specific functions |
cell membrane | phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that form boundary of all cells |
cytoplasm | gelatinous interior of all cells |
ribosome | complex of RNA and proteins that carry out protein synthesis in all cells |
nucleus | organelle in eukaryotic cells that contain the genetic material |
cell wall | rigid structure enclosing the cell membrane of some cells that help to keep shape |
osmosis | the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area |
hypotonic | describes a solution surrounding a cell that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell |
hypertonic | describes a solution surrounding a cell that has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell |
isotonic | describes a solution surrounding a cell that has the same solute concentration as the cell |
peptidoglycan | polymer made of sugar and amino acids that link to form a chainlink sheath around the cell |
gram-positive | bacteria with a cell wall that includes a thick layer of peptidoglycan that retains the gram stain |
gram-negative | bacteria with a cell wall that includes a thin layer of peptidoglycan, does not retain gram stain |
nuclear envelope | double membrane surrounding nucleus of eukaryotic cell |
mitochondria | power house, extracts energy |
endoplasmic reticulum (er) | network of membranes in eukaryotic cells where proteins and lipids are synthesized |
golgi apparatus | packages proteins and prepares them for transport |
chloroplast | responsible for plant photosynthesis |
lysosome | cell's recycling center |
cytoskeleton | protein fibers in eukaryotic cells that provide structure and allow cell movement |
endosymbiosis | theory that prokaryotic cells engulffed others forming eukaryotic cells |