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Bio Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anecdotal evidence | type of evidence that is unreliable since it isn't based on systematic study |
| peer review | review of article by experts before publication |
| hypothesis | tentative explanation for scientific question |
| independent variable | the variable being changed |
| dependent variable | outcome that depends on variable being changed |
| sample size | number of participants in a study |
| statistical significance | measure that results are real and not due to chance |
| scientific theory | explanation of natural world supported by evidence, never has been disproved |
| homeostasis | relatively constant internal environment |
| energy | the power to do work |
| metabolism | the chemical reactions taking place in cells of living organisms that allow it to obtain and use energy |
| element | substances that can not be broken down into smaller substances |
| matter | anything that takes up space and has mass |
| atom | smallest unit of an element that cannot be broken down into smaller units |
| proton | positively charged subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom |
| electron | negatively charged subatomic particle with negligible mass |
| neutron | an electrically uncharged subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom |
| nucleus | dense core of an atom |
| covalent bond | strong chemical bond resulting from sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms |
| molecule | atoms linked by covalent bonds |
| organic | molecule with carbon based backbone and at least one c-h bond |
| inorganic | molecule that lacks carbon based backbone and c-h bonds |
| carbohydrate | organic molecule made up of one or more sugars |
| monosaccharide | one sugar carbohydrate |
| polysaccharide | carbohydrate with multiple linked sugar |
| protein | organic molecule made up of linked amino acid subunits |
| lipids | organic molecules that generally repel water |
| nucleic acid | organic molecules made of linked nucleotide subunits |
| macromolecules | large organic molecules that make up living organisms |
| monomer | one chemical subunit of a polymer |
| polymer | molecule made of individual subunits called monomers linked together in a chain |
| monosacchride | building block or monomer of a carbohydrate |
| amino acid | building block or monomer of a protein |
| nucleotide | building block or monomer of a nucleic acid |
| cell | basic structural unit of living organisms |
| cell membrane | phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary of all cells |
| phospholipid | type of lipid that forms the cell membrane |
| hydrophobic | "water fearing" doesn't dissolve in water |
| hydropholic | "water loving" does dissolve in water |
| polar molecule | partial negative partial positive charge, electrons not shared equally |
| example of polar molecule | water |
| hydrogen bond | weak electrical attraction between partially negative and positive charged atoms |
| cohesion | water molecules sticking to water molecules through hydrogen bonding |
| adhesion | water molecules sticking to other surfaces through hydrogen bonding |
| solvent | substance in which other substances can dissolve ie water |
| solute | a dissolved substance |
| solution | mixture of solute and solvent |
| ionic bond | form between atoms that have opposite electrical charges |
| ion | an electronically charged atom, the charge resulting from the loss or gain of electrons |
| ph | the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
| acid | has higher concentration of hydrogen ions and ph closer to 0 |
| base | reduces hydrogen concentration making them more basic |
| virus | infectious agent made of protein shell that encloses genetic information |
| prion | protein only infectious agent |
| antibiotic | chemical that slows or stops growth of bacteria |
| `cell theory | cells make uo everything, cells are made from existing cells |
| prokaryotic cells | cells that lack internal membrane- bound organelles |
| eukaryotic cells | cells that contain membrane bound organelles, including a central nucleus |
| organelles | compartments of eukaryotic cells that carry out specific functions |
| cell membrane | phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that form boundary of all cells |
| cytoplasm | gelatinous interior of all cells |
| ribosome | complex of RNA and proteins that carry out protein synthesis in all cells |
| nucleus | organelle in eukaryotic cells that contain the genetic material |
| cell wall | rigid structure enclosing the cell membrane of some cells that help to keep shape |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area |
| hypotonic | describes a solution surrounding a cell that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell |
| hypertonic | describes a solution surrounding a cell that has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell |
| isotonic | describes a solution surrounding a cell that has the same solute concentration as the cell |
| peptidoglycan | polymer made of sugar and amino acids that link to form a chainlink sheath around the cell |
| gram-positive | bacteria with a cell wall that includes a thick layer of peptidoglycan that retains the gram stain |
| gram-negative | bacteria with a cell wall that includes a thin layer of peptidoglycan, does not retain gram stain |
| nuclear envelope | double membrane surrounding nucleus of eukaryotic cell |
| mitochondria | power house, extracts energy |
| endoplasmic reticulum (er) | network of membranes in eukaryotic cells where proteins and lipids are synthesized |
| golgi apparatus | packages proteins and prepares them for transport |
| chloroplast | responsible for plant photosynthesis |
| lysosome | cell's recycling center |
| cytoskeleton | protein fibers in eukaryotic cells that provide structure and allow cell movement |
| endosymbiosis | theory that prokaryotic cells engulffed others forming eukaryotic cells |
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