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Biology Chapter 5
Chapter 5 Summarize
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The laws of _____________ determine how long living organisms use energy. | Thermodynamics |
| The energy currency of the cell is ________, which is used by cells to power their cellular functions. | ATP |
| Metabolic pathways are organized sets of ____________ ___________ in a cell that are regulated by enzymes. | Chemical reactions |
| __________________ may be moved across the plasma membrane using active passive, and bulk transport. | Molecules |
| _____________ is the capacity to do work. | Energy |
| __________________ _____________________ can be converted to kinetic energy, and vice versa. | Potential energy |
| __________ and __________ energy are forms of potential energy. | Solar chemical |
| ________________ ______________ is the energy of motion. | Kinetic energy |
| ________________ energy is a form of kinetic energy, | Mechanical |
| _____ energy laws hold true universally. | 2 |
| Energy cannot be ____________ or destroyed. | Created |
| Energy can be ____________ or transformed. | Transferred |
| Food energy is measured in _________. | Calories |
| 1,000 calories equals a _________________. | Kilocalorie |
| When energy is converted from one form to another, some is lost as ______. | Heat |
| Therefore, the __________, or disorder, of the universe is increasing. | Entropy |
| Only a constant input of energy ____________ the organization of living organisms. | Maintains |
| Energy flows from the sun through _______________ and _________________, which produce ATP. | Chloroplasts/mitochondria |
| Because ATP has three linked _____________ groups, it is a high energy molecule that tends to break down to ADP + P, releasing energy. | Phosphate |
| ATP breakdown is coupled to various energy-requiring cellular reactions, including ____________ _______________, active transport, and muscle contraction. | Protein synthesis |
| ATP ________ is coupled to various energy-requiring cellular reactions, including protein synthesis, active transport and muscle contraction. | Breakdown |
| ATP breakdown is coupled to various energy-requiring cellular reactions, including protein synthesis, active transport, and __________ _________________. | Muscle contraction |
| _________________ ________________ provides the energy for the production of ATP. | Cellular respiration |
| A _________ ___________ is a series of reactions that proceeds in an orderly, step-by-step manner. | Metabolic pathway |
| ___________ enter a metabolic pathway. | Reactants |
| They then are modified to produce ____________. | Products. |
| Each reaction requires an ________ that is specific to its substrate. | Enzyme |
| An enzyme brings ______________ together at the enzyme's active site according to the induced fit model. | Substrates |
| An enzyme brings substrates together at the enzyme's __________ __________ according to the induced fit model. | Active site |
| An enzyme brings substrates together at the enzyme's active site according to the ______________ __________ _________________, | Induced fit model. |
| they speed reactions by lowering the ___________ of ______________. | Energy of activation |
| The activity of most enzymes and metabolic pathways is regulated by __________________ __________________. | Feedback inhibition. |
| _________ __________ requires no metabolic energy and moves substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration. | Passive transport |
| In ______________, molecules move from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration until the concentration of molecules is the same at both sites. | Diffusion |
| In a ___________, the solute is dissolved in the solvent. | Solution |
| ___________ are usually solids or gases. | Solutes |
| _____________ are usually liquids. | Solvent |
| In ________________ ________________, molecules diffuse across a plasma membrane through a channel protein or with the assistance of carrier proteins. | Facilitated diffusion |
| _______________ are channel proteins for water. | Aquaporins |
| ____________ is the diffusion of water (often using aquaporins) across a membrane toward the are of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration). | Osmosis |
| Water moves from areas of low solute concentration is called _______________. | Hypotonic |
| areas of high solute concentration is called ___________. | Hypertonic |
| ______________ solutions have equal solute concentrations. | Isotonic |
| _______________ _____________ requires metabolic energy (ATP) and moves substances across a membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. | Active transport |
| In many cases, a transport protein acts as a pump that causes a substance to move against its ____________ _______________. | Concentration gradient. |
| The __________-______________- ________ carries Na+ to the outside of the cell and K+ to the inside of the cell. | Sodium-potassium pump |
| _____________ _____________ requires vesicle formation and metabolic energy. | Bulk transport |
| Bulk transport occurs _____________ of concentration gradients. | Independently |
| ______________ transports macromolecules out of a cell via vesicle formation and often results in secretion. | Exocytosis |
| ____________ transports macromolecules into a cell via vesicle formation. | Endocytosis |
| ___________-______________ ____________ makes use of receptor proteins in the plasma membrane. | Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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jwatts1