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Biology 3&4
chapters 3 and 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Is polar Hydrophobic or Hydrophylic? | Hydrophobic |
| is Non-Polar Hydrophobic or Hydrophylic? | Hydrophylic |
| What are Organic molecules? | Contain atoms of Carbon, Made up of living things,Many C-C bonds, Many C-H bonds |
| Define Monomer: | Single Small Molecule |
| Define Polymers; | many monomers hooked together to make a big molecule. |
| explain Dehydration synthesis; | takes away water to split monomer to polymer |
| explain hydrolysis | adds water to combine polymers to make one monomer |
| what is the monomer of carbs (starch glycogen cellulose and chitin) | monosaccharide (glucose) |
| what is the monomer of proteins (functional and structural) | amino acids |
| what is the monomer of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) | nucleotides |
| what is the monomer of lipids (fats) | glycerol and three fatty acids |
| what is the monomer of lipids (phospholipids) | glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate and poor R groups |
| what is the monomer of lipids (steroids) | four lused carbon rings |
| what is the monomer of lipids (terrpnes) | long carbon chains |
| are all monosaccharides hydrophilic or hydrophobic? | hydrophilic |
| chemicles that end in -OSE are typically ...? | sugars |
| what are the functions of carbohydrates in living things? | energy storage, structural |
| what are the monomers of carbohydrates? | monosaccharides or "simple sugars" |
| define glucose: | cells break down for energy by cellular respiration |
| what is the number of glucose | C6 H12 O2 |
| define isomer: | molecules with the same formula BUT with the atoms arranged differently |
| what are polysaccharides also known as? | complex carbohydrates |
| what are 4 types of Polysaccharides? | 1 starch 2 glycogen 3 cellulose 4 chitin |
| do plants or animals make starch? explain. | plants only (its how they store access glucose |
| is glycogen made by plants or animals? explain | animals only (To store access glucose hydrophobic? |
| define cellulose | hydrophobic main structural molecule of plants |
| is chitin hydrophobic or hydrophilic | hydrophobic |
| what molecule does the most different kind of things? | proteins |
| after water what is the most abundant molecule in the cell? | proteins |
| what are polymers made up of amino acids? | proteins |
| define primary structure | sequence of amino acids in a protein |
| define secondary structure | specific shape the long chain of amino acids assumes because of hydrogen bonds and other interactions between atoms |
| define tertiary structure | helix and sheets fold onto themselves to form blobs ex hemoglobin |
| what are common kinds of secondary structures? | pleated sheets and helix |
| define quatinary structures | made by connecting several tertiary structures together |
| define motifs | reaccuring elements in a proteins secondary structure ex helix |
| Beta Alpha Beta motifs or BAB motifs are often involved with the binding of? | DNA |
| define domain | functional unit within the tertiary and primary structures of large proteins |
| define chaperones | proteins that help newly formed proteins fold into their correct secondary structures |
| define denaturation and example | irreversible change of shape of a protein ex excessive heat low ph or high ph |
| define renaturation | refolding protein back to proper shape |
| why do proteins unfold | because of a disruption of the weak forces holding it in shape |
| what makes up a nucleotide? | a hydrophilic phosphate group, a hydrophilic sugar and a nitrogenous base |
| what makes up DNA ? | phosphate group a sugar and a base |
| bases of DNA | A-G-C-T |
| bases of RNA | A-G-C-U |
| define purines | double ring structure (Adenine and glamine) |
| A= | adenine |
| G= | glamine |
| C= | cytosine |
| T= | thymine |
| U= | Urasil |
| what does DNA replication use in prime? | goes from 5 prime to 3 prime |
| hydrogen bonds always have the pattern | A-T G-C |
| what is the difference between DNA and RNA | DNA has ATCG double helix and deoxyribose phosphate backbone RNA has AUCG single strand and ribose phosphate backbone |
| what does A.T.P stand for? | adenosine triphosphate |
| Define adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | a molecule that transfers energy from place to place in the cell |
| define lipids | generally hydrophobic they have lots of carbon to hydrogen bonds that can produce energy |
| what are 3 types of lipids | 1 fats (triglycerides, saturated and unsaturated) |
| what is the Monomer units of fats | 3 glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
| saturated fats have how many hydrogen? | 2 |
| define transfat | partially hydrogenated fat that turns into cholesterol |
| how are saturated fats at room temp? | solid and made by animals |
| what do saturated fats turn into? | cholestrol |
| define unsaturated fats | liquid at room temperature mae by plants only has 1 hydrogen |
| what are all living things made of? | a double layer of phospholipids (cell membranes) |
| define cells | everything a living thing is made up of and does is because of cells |
| what is the cell theory | all living things are made of cells and cell products cells are the basic structural and function units of living things and ALL CELLS come from preexisting cells |
| what cell types use DNA as their genetic material | prokaryotic cells and eukeroytic cells |
| define cytoplasm | semi-fluid substance within cell |
| basic characteristics of cells 4 | 1 small 2 use DNA as genetic material 3 contain cytoplasm 4 surrounded by plasma/cell membrane |
| what synthesis takes place in ribosomes | protein synthesis |
| what is a cell wall | extra layer outside of the cell membrane |
| what is a capsule | another layer outside of the cell wall |
| flagellum helps with...? | movement |
| explain prokaryotes and identify the two main groups? | have the basic characteristics of life but not much else 2 main groups bacteria and archea |
| explain eukeryotes | have all the basic characteristics of life Plus much more |
| define organelles | tiny organs |
| what makes cromatin | DNA and proteins |
| what makes ribosomes? what is the ribosomes located by in the cell? what does it hook together | made of RNA and proteins located by the nucleolus this structures amino acids hook to to make proteins |
| what is the nucleolus? what does it make? what is it made of? | structure inside of nucleus ( dark colored ball) made of RNA and proteins makes ribosomes |
| what is the nuclear membrane ? what is it made of? | surround nucleus and hold nucleolus in place made up of 2 double layers of phospholipids |
| what is nuclear pores | small holes in the nuclear membrane to allow small molecules in and out of the nucleus (water, small proteins etc) but leaves DNA trapped inside the nucleus |
| what does the Smooth endplasmic reticulum make and store? | makes carbohydrates, steroids, and stores calcium |
| what makes up the the endomembrane system | endoplasmic reticulum and golgi body: system of membranes petitions |
| what does the rough ER ribosomes make? what is it made of? | ribosomes attatched to the rough ER make protein, made of double layer of phospholipids |
| what is the golgi body made up of? what does the golgi body do? | flat sacks double layer of phospholipids functions as the cells post office receives molecules inside transport vesicle labels the molecule and sends itwhere it needs to go using secretory vessicles |
| what does the golgi apparatus do in plants? | in plants makes polysaccharides that go into the cell wall |
| what are lysosomes made of? what do lysosomes do? | collection of acids and powerful enzymes surrounded by exra thick membrane; breaks down old organelles and recycles parts |
| what happens if the lysosomes wall is too thin? | the acids leak out and the cell kills itself also known as the suicide bags |
| what do micro bodies contain? what do they do? | enzymes that break down fatty acids or hydrogen peroxide |
| what are proteasomes? | compresses of recycled proteins |
| what does mitochondria make? | makes ATP "power plant" 2 membranes outter and inner space between = inter membrane space or matrix |
| what do chloroplasts contain? | plants only contain chlorophyll make it green central vassal bubble membrane and tonoplasts area around vacural |
| what is function of cytoskeleton? | give cell shape anchors organelles and membranes in its place enables movement in cell and of cell |
| what arrangement does flagellum have | 9 + 2 arrangement 9 triplet microtubules outside; 2 on the inside |
| citia and flagella are most common in anima or plant cells? | animal cells |
| cell walls have how many layers? | 2 primary and secondary |
| what is the primary cell wall | more flexible allows cell to grow |
| what happens when secondary cell wall is developed? | once developed the cell doesn't grow anymore |
| what does ECM stand for? | extracellular matrix (mostly fibers and proteins) |
| what are protein markers made of? | ECM glycolipids and MHC markers |
| what do surface markers do? | in multicellular organisms help cell recognize each other |
| what do MHC do | help cells in the immune system to see things and identify them as "YOU" |
| what is cell junction | connections between cells that hold cells together in tissues |
Created by:
hiatt02