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Gen. Bio. I Test 1
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Biology | The study of the unity and diversity of life |
Microbiology | The study of small things |
Zoology | The study of animals |
Cytology | The study of cells |
Histology | The study of tissue |
Botany | The study of plants |
Anatomy | "To cut up" |
4 atoms of life | Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), Oxygen(O), and Nitrogen(N) |
Organelles | Tiny structures assembled from molecules within which cellular activities are organized |
Macromolecule | A large, complex molecule |
Prokaryotes | Lack internal organization and a true nucleus |
Eukarotes | Have both internal organization and a membrane-bound nucleus |
Prefix for cell | "cyto-" |
Suffix for cell | "-cyte" |
Tissue | Groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit |
Literal meaning of tissue | Very thin |
Organ | Body structures composed of several different tissues that act as a structural and functional unit |
System | A functional unit composed of organs |
Organism | A complete and whole living thing |
Population | The number of individuals within a natural or artificial boundary |
Community | The populations within a boundary |
Biosphere | Anywhere life can exist |
Metabolism | The flow of energy |
Catabolism | To break down |
Anabolism | To build up |
Homeostasis | A steady state |
Irritability | Response to a stimulus |
Adaptation | An inherited characteristic that allows ans organism to solve a problem in nature |
3 cornerstones of adaptation | Mutation, Natural selection, and Time |
Reproduction | Production of a new individual |
Number of cells required for sexual reproduction | 2 |
Number of cells required for asexual reproduction | 1 |
2 ways individuals grow | 1) Each cell can get bigger 2) Cells can reproduce |
Literal meaning of evolution | To unroll |
Death | Lack of brain activity and lack of response to a stimulus |
Biogenesis | Life comes only from other living things |
Spontaneous generation | Life arising from non-living substances |
Scientific method | 1) Define the problem. 2) Make observations. 3) Develop an hypothesis. 4) Test the hypothesis. 5) Make conclusions. |
Educated guess | A guess based on observation |
Experiment | Test of an hypothesis |
Variable of an experiment | The unchanged part |
Control of an experiment | The unchanged part |
Basis for conclusions | Data found by experimentation |
Serendipity | Unintended results |
Pure science | Science for the sake of science |
Applied science | Solves a problem and uses technology |
Variables in humans | Are hard to isolate |
Demographics | Characteristics of a population (Sex, gender, age, etc.) |
Random selection | |
Placebo | A treatment with no scientific basis |
Chemistry | The study of matter |
2 divisions of chemistry | Organic and inorganic |
Literal meaning of atom | Indivisible |
Atom | The basic unit of nature |
Proton | Positively charged particle of 1 mass unit |
Neutron | Particle of 1 mass unit with no charge |
Electron | Negatively charge particle with no mass |
Ion | Charged particle |
Cations(Positive ions) | Charged particles formed by losing electrons |
Negative ions | Charged particles formed by gaining electrons |
Isotopes | Different forms of the same element formed by losing or gaining neutrons |
Elements | Substances in which all atoms are alike pure substances |
Number of elements in nature | 88-92 |
Mole | A unit of measurement for molecules |
Compound | Two or more elements that are combined chemically |
Bond | That which holds compounds together |
3 bond types | Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen |
Mixture | Retaining the properties of their components, they can be separated by ordinary means. |
pH | Percent of hydrogen in a mixture |
Characteristics of acids | pH below 7, the lower the pH the stronger the acid, have the hydronium ion(H+) |
Characteristics of bases | pH above 7, the higher the pH the stronger the base, have the hydroxide ion OH-) |
Alkaline | A base |
Characteristics of salts | pH of 7, neutral substances, function in water balance and as electrolytes |
Buffer | Substances that resist change in pH |
Neutralization reaction | Acid reacted with a base creates salt and water |
Usefulness of Water | Universal solvent; regulates temperature; solubilizes food, some vitamins, and some hormones |
Uniqueness of Water | Expands when frozen |
Uniqueness of Carbon | Can form long chains, branched chains, rings, or isomers, and always have four bonds. All life is carbon based. |
3 elements in carbohydrates | Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), and Oxygen(O) |
"-ose" | sugar |
Carbohydrates | body's fuel |
Dehydration synthesis reaction | Monosacchaaride+monosaccharide=disaccharide+water |
Monosaccharide | A simple sugar (glucose, ribose, deoxyribose) |
Isomer | Molecules formed from the same number and kinds of elements, but in different arrangements |
Disaccharide | A molecule made of two monosaccharides |
Maltose | In grains and wheats |
Sucrose | In sugarcane |
Lactose | In milk |
"-amyl" | A starch |
Imbibation | To drink |
Starch | A combination of 3-8 glucose molecules |
Hydration | To add water |
Glycogen | A form of sugar animals store in skeletal muscle and in the liver |
Polysaccharide | A complex sugar with cell walls of cellulose |
Fats | Lipids built from fatty acids and glycerol |
Adaptation for mobility | Fat |
Adaptation to avoid famine | Fat |
3 types of fat | Saturated, unsaturated, and trans |
Characteristics of saturated fats | No double bonds, solid at room temperature, found in animals, bad for blood vessels |
Characteristics of unsaturated fats | At least one double bond, liquid at room temperature, carcinogenic |
Protein benfits | regulation and structure |
4 elements of a protein | Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), Oxygen(O), Nitrogen(N) |
Number of essential amino acids for humans | 10 |
Protein pathway | amino acids>peptides>polypeptides>protein |
"-ase" | An enzyme |
Catalytic enzyme | speed up or slow down |
Enzyme | Biological catalysts that facilitate specific chemical reactions |
Cofactors | One or more nonprotein components required by enzymes in order to function |
Coenzymes (ex) | Vitamins B6 and B12 |
2 types of dietary protein | complete and incomplete |
sources of complete proteins | animal flesh and peanuts |
Incomplete proteins | Proteins that are lacking in one or more essential amino acids |
3 components of a nucleotide | Nitrogenous bases. phosphates, and sugar |
Location of base pairs | form the steps of DNA's helical staircase |
Number of pairs in a codon | 3 |
Sugar in DNA | deoxyribose |
4 bases in DNA | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine |
Sugar in RNA | ribose |
4 bases in RNA | adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil |
nRNA | nuclear ribonucleic acid |
mRNA | messenger ribonucleic acid |
tRNA | transfer ribonucleic acid |
Vitamin | essential organic nutrients needed in small amounts for good health |
2 categories of vitamins | fat soluble, water soluble |
Characteristics of fat soluble vitamins | stored by the body, usually not cooked out of food |
Characteristics of water soluble vitamins | may be cooked out of food, needed on a daily basis |
Ex of fat soluble vitamins | A, D, E , and K |
Ex of water soluble vitamins | B, and C |
Hormones | Chemicals that affect the processes of other cells |
2 categories of hormones | steroid and protein |
2 major minerals | calcium and phosporous |
Calcium | the most abundant mineral in the human body |
Electrolytes | Salts used in nerve impulse conduction |
Ex of electrolytes | sodium, chlorine, potassium, calcium |
6 elements of living things | Carbon(C), Nitrogen(N), Hydrogen(H), Oxygen(O), Sulfur(S), Phosphorous(P) |
Number of electrons in each energy shell | 2 in the first, 8 in each other |