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Gen. Bio. I Test 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Biology | The study of the unity and diversity of life |
| Microbiology | The study of small things |
| Zoology | The study of animals |
| Cytology | The study of cells |
| Histology | The study of tissue |
| Botany | The study of plants |
| Anatomy | "To cut up" |
| 4 atoms of life | Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), Oxygen(O), and Nitrogen(N) |
| Organelles | Tiny structures assembled from molecules within which cellular activities are organized |
| Macromolecule | A large, complex molecule |
| Prokaryotes | Lack internal organization and a true nucleus |
| Eukarotes | Have both internal organization and a membrane-bound nucleus |
| Prefix for cell | "cyto-" |
| Suffix for cell | "-cyte" |
| Tissue | Groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit |
| Literal meaning of tissue | Very thin |
| Organ | Body structures composed of several different tissues that act as a structural and functional unit |
| System | A functional unit composed of organs |
| Organism | A complete and whole living thing |
| Population | The number of individuals within a natural or artificial boundary |
| Community | The populations within a boundary |
| Biosphere | Anywhere life can exist |
| Metabolism | The flow of energy |
| Catabolism | To break down |
| Anabolism | To build up |
| Homeostasis | A steady state |
| Irritability | Response to a stimulus |
| Adaptation | An inherited characteristic that allows ans organism to solve a problem in nature |
| 3 cornerstones of adaptation | Mutation, Natural selection, and Time |
| Reproduction | Production of a new individual |
| Number of cells required for sexual reproduction | 2 |
| Number of cells required for asexual reproduction | 1 |
| 2 ways individuals grow | 1) Each cell can get bigger 2) Cells can reproduce |
| Literal meaning of evolution | To unroll |
| Death | Lack of brain activity and lack of response to a stimulus |
| Biogenesis | Life comes only from other living things |
| Spontaneous generation | Life arising from non-living substances |
| Scientific method | 1) Define the problem. 2) Make observations. 3) Develop an hypothesis. 4) Test the hypothesis. 5) Make conclusions. |
| Educated guess | A guess based on observation |
| Experiment | Test of an hypothesis |
| Variable of an experiment | The unchanged part |
| Control of an experiment | The unchanged part |
| Basis for conclusions | Data found by experimentation |
| Serendipity | Unintended results |
| Pure science | Science for the sake of science |
| Applied science | Solves a problem and uses technology |
| Variables in humans | Are hard to isolate |
| Demographics | Characteristics of a population (Sex, gender, age, etc.) |
| Random selection | |
| Placebo | A treatment with no scientific basis |
| Chemistry | The study of matter |
| 2 divisions of chemistry | Organic and inorganic |
| Literal meaning of atom | Indivisible |
| Atom | The basic unit of nature |
| Proton | Positively charged particle of 1 mass unit |
| Neutron | Particle of 1 mass unit with no charge |
| Electron | Negatively charge particle with no mass |
| Ion | Charged particle |
| Cations(Positive ions) | Charged particles formed by losing electrons |
| Negative ions | Charged particles formed by gaining electrons |
| Isotopes | Different forms of the same element formed by losing or gaining neutrons |
| Elements | Substances in which all atoms are alike pure substances |
| Number of elements in nature | 88-92 |
| Mole | A unit of measurement for molecules |
| Compound | Two or more elements that are combined chemically |
| Bond | That which holds compounds together |
| 3 bond types | Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen |
| Mixture | Retaining the properties of their components, they can be separated by ordinary means. |
| pH | Percent of hydrogen in a mixture |
| Characteristics of acids | pH below 7, the lower the pH the stronger the acid, have the hydronium ion(H+) |
| Characteristics of bases | pH above 7, the higher the pH the stronger the base, have the hydroxide ion OH-) |
| Alkaline | A base |
| Characteristics of salts | pH of 7, neutral substances, function in water balance and as electrolytes |
| Buffer | Substances that resist change in pH |
| Neutralization reaction | Acid reacted with a base creates salt and water |
| Usefulness of Water | Universal solvent; regulates temperature; solubilizes food, some vitamins, and some hormones |
| Uniqueness of Water | Expands when frozen |
| Uniqueness of Carbon | Can form long chains, branched chains, rings, or isomers, and always have four bonds. All life is carbon based. |
| 3 elements in carbohydrates | Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), and Oxygen(O) |
| "-ose" | sugar |
| Carbohydrates | body's fuel |
| Dehydration synthesis reaction | Monosacchaaride+monosaccharide=disaccharide+water |
| Monosaccharide | A simple sugar (glucose, ribose, deoxyribose) |
| Isomer | Molecules formed from the same number and kinds of elements, but in different arrangements |
| Disaccharide | A molecule made of two monosaccharides |
| Maltose | In grains and wheats |
| Sucrose | In sugarcane |
| Lactose | In milk |
| "-amyl" | A starch |
| Imbibation | To drink |
| Starch | A combination of 3-8 glucose molecules |
| Hydration | To add water |
| Glycogen | A form of sugar animals store in skeletal muscle and in the liver |
| Polysaccharide | A complex sugar with cell walls of cellulose |
| Fats | Lipids built from fatty acids and glycerol |
| Adaptation for mobility | Fat |
| Adaptation to avoid famine | Fat |
| 3 types of fat | Saturated, unsaturated, and trans |
| Characteristics of saturated fats | No double bonds, solid at room temperature, found in animals, bad for blood vessels |
| Characteristics of unsaturated fats | At least one double bond, liquid at room temperature, carcinogenic |
| Protein benfits | regulation and structure |
| 4 elements of a protein | Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), Oxygen(O), Nitrogen(N) |
| Number of essential amino acids for humans | 10 |
| Protein pathway | amino acids>peptides>polypeptides>protein |
| "-ase" | An enzyme |
| Catalytic enzyme | speed up or slow down |
| Enzyme | Biological catalysts that facilitate specific chemical reactions |
| Cofactors | One or more nonprotein components required by enzymes in order to function |
| Coenzymes (ex) | Vitamins B6 and B12 |
| 2 types of dietary protein | complete and incomplete |
| sources of complete proteins | animal flesh and peanuts |
| Incomplete proteins | Proteins that are lacking in one or more essential amino acids |
| 3 components of a nucleotide | Nitrogenous bases. phosphates, and sugar |
| Location of base pairs | form the steps of DNA's helical staircase |
| Number of pairs in a codon | 3 |
| Sugar in DNA | deoxyribose |
| 4 bases in DNA | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine |
| Sugar in RNA | ribose |
| 4 bases in RNA | adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil |
| nRNA | nuclear ribonucleic acid |
| mRNA | messenger ribonucleic acid |
| tRNA | transfer ribonucleic acid |
| Vitamin | essential organic nutrients needed in small amounts for good health |
| 2 categories of vitamins | fat soluble, water soluble |
| Characteristics of fat soluble vitamins | stored by the body, usually not cooked out of food |
| Characteristics of water soluble vitamins | may be cooked out of food, needed on a daily basis |
| Ex of fat soluble vitamins | A, D, E , and K |
| Ex of water soluble vitamins | B, and C |
| Hormones | Chemicals that affect the processes of other cells |
| 2 categories of hormones | steroid and protein |
| 2 major minerals | calcium and phosporous |
| Calcium | the most abundant mineral in the human body |
| Electrolytes | Salts used in nerve impulse conduction |
| Ex of electrolytes | sodium, chlorine, potassium, calcium |
| 6 elements of living things | Carbon(C), Nitrogen(N), Hydrogen(H), Oxygen(O), Sulfur(S), Phosphorous(P) |
| Number of electrons in each energy shell | 2 in the first, 8 in each other |
Created by:
Marie1412
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