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Biology Chapter 3
Chapter 3 information to study for test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ____________________ _____________________ contain carbon and hydrogen. | Organic molecules |
| C6 H12 O6 | Glucose |
| CH4 | Methane gas |
| Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and vitamins have ___________ in their structure, making them organic. | Carbon |
| Water and minerals do not have carbon so they are ______________. | inorganic |
| _________________ molecules make up portions of cells, tissues, and organs. | Organic |
| Carbon atom has a total of ____ electrons. ___ in the outer shell. | 6 4 |
| ____________ _____________ almost always shares electrons with elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, | Carbon atom |
| Can bond with as many as ____ other elements. | 4 |
| Most often ___________ electrons with other carbon atoms. | shares |
| Chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms. | Hydrocarbons |
| ______________ have the same number and kinds of atoms in a variety of arrangements. | Isomers |
| Isomers may have different ____________. | properties |
| Hydrocarbons are highly ________________. | versatile. |
| _____________ and _________________ is determined by the carbon skeleton or backbone. | Size shape |
| _________________ _________________ specific combination of bonded atoms that always has the same chemical properties and always reacts the same way. | Functional group |
| Reactivity of organic molecule largely dependent on attached ________________ groups. | functional |
| Often use __ to stand for the rest of the molecule, the hydrocarbon chain. | R |
| Nonpolar functional groups are ____________________. | hydrophobic |
| Polar functional groups are _______________. | hydrophilic |
| _____________ is found in alcohols and sugars. | Hydroxyl |
| _____________ are found in amino acids and fatty acids. | Carboxyl |
| __________ are found in amino acids and proteins | Amino |
| ____________ are found in Amino acid, cysteine, and proteins. | Sulfhydryl |
| _____________ are found in ATP and nucleic acids. | Phosphate |
| The biological molecules of cells are ________________, ______________, _________________, and _____________. | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
| ____________________ are like Atkins diet or it really means is sugar. | Carbohydrates |
| ________________ are like fat or oils. | Lipids |
| _______________ are like meat, eggs, and beans. | Proteins |
| _____________ acids are like DNA or RNA | Nucleic |
| As food is eaten, it is ________________ _______________. | broken down. |
| Subunits or building blocks | Monomers |
| ________________ are monomers joined together or finished product. | Polymer |
| For lipids (Diglycerides, triglycerides), the monomers are _______ and _____________ ___________. | glycerol fatty acids |
| For proteins (Polypeptides), the monomers are ______________ _____. | amino acids |
| For Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), the monomers are _______________, which is made of a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. | nucleotides |
| For carbohydrates (Polysaccharides specifically and disaccharides--depends) the monomers are ____________________. | monosaccharides |
| ________________ ______________________ ___________________ joins monomers to form polymers. | Dehydration synthesis reaction |
| Is the _____________ of removing a water molecule | Equivalent |
| Amino acids forming _____________. | proteins |
| Nucleotides forming ______. | DNA |
| Gluccose forming ____________. | starch |
| Fatty acids and glycerol forming a ___________. | fat |
| Dehydration synthesis reaction is the removal of __________. | H20 |
| Water and salt mix and dissolves into bigger __________________. | molecules. |
| Lysis means __________. | break |
| ___________________ ________________ breaks polymers apart-disassemble polymers. | Hydrolysis |
| ________________ is used to break the bond of Hydrolysis. | Water |
| Almost universally used as immediate energy source in living things | Carbohydrates |
| Play ______________ roles (plants and fungi) | structural |
| Polymers of monomers called saccharides or __________. | Sugar |
| Mono means _________. | One |
| Cellulose is so strong, that no animal can break it down except a _________________. | termite. |
| Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen or _____. | CHO |
| ______________ storage-starch in plants, glycogen in animals. | Energy |
| Energy _____________-sugar. | source |
| ________________-_______________ in plants, chitin in animals (exoskeleton) and fungi (cell wall) | Structural-cellulose |
| Single sugar molecule with 3-7 carbon backbone | Monosaccharides |
| _________ has 2 isomers-fructose and galactose | Glucose |
| Types of sugar are __________ | fructose |
| Grain sugar is known as ______________- | galactose |
| Molecules with a similar composition of atoms, but different structures. | isomers |
| _________ use glucose as the energy source of choice. | Cells |
| Ribose C5 H10 O5 and deoxyribose C5 H10 O4 are found in _______ and ____________. | RNA DNA |
| _______________ are 2 monosaccharides bonded together. | Disaccharides |
| Maltose (barley) C12 O11, yeast breaks down maltose in beer for energy and produces ethyl alccohol is called _______________. | Fermentation |
| Table sugar (sugar beets) is ________________. | Sucrose |
| Our bodies ___________ it into glucose and gructose, | digest |
| Lactose is a sugar present in _______. | Milk |
| _________________________________- as energy storage molecules | Polysaccharides |
| Examples of starches are _____________ and ______________. | potatoes & pasta |
| Polysaccharides are also known as __________. | Starches |
| Polymers of monosaccharides are large and can not easily pass thru the plasma membrane and are kept (stored) in the ______. | cell |
| Polysaccharides function as ________ storage molecules. | energy |
| Plants store glucose as ____________. | starch |
| Animals store glucose as _ __________. | glycogen |
| Polysaccharides function as ________________ components. | structural |
| Plant cell walls are ___________. | Cellulose |
| Cellulose is most abundant of all ________________ __________________. | organic molecules |
| Cellulose ___________ only by some microbes. | digested |
| Crab, lobster, insect exoskeletons is known as ________. | Chitin |
| Lipids are all _______________ in water. | insoluble |
| What is the meaning of insoluble. | Does not break down |
| Long nonpolar hydrocarbon chains are like _________ and _____________. | oil water |
| Lipids relative lack of hydrophylic functional groups means? | Hate or fear of water. |
| Lipids are very diverse structures and __________. | functions |
| Fats and oils used for __________-___________ energy storage. | long-term |
| Oil, _____ _______________, may help waterproof skin hair and feathers. | we produce |
| Lipids are made of carbon, hydrogen, and _______. | Oxygen |
| Fats and oils contain two types of subunits molecules: _____________ and _____________ _____________, | glycerol fatty acids |
| Fats and oils are also called ____________________. | triglycerides |
| Triglycerides are composed of _____ glycerol and _____ fatty acids. | 1 3 |
| Synthesis and breakdown of __________. | fat |
| A fat (or oil) is formed when three fatty acid _______ react with a glycerol ______ to yield a triglyceride (and three water molecules. | molecules molecule |
| Fatty acids are either __________________ or ________________. | saturated unsaturated |
| Single bond only, no double between carbon atoms making them more tightly packed together as in atherosclerosis are _________. | Saturated |
| Saturated fats are _______ healthy. | less |
| Butter is ___________ at room temperature. | solid |
| Unsaturated fats are ___________ healthy | More |
| One or more double bonds between carbon atoms is ___________. | unsaturated. |
| Oil is ___________ at room temperature. | liquid |
| Trans fatty acids have been artificially hydrogenated to make them more solid by adding __________________. | hydrogen. |
| Oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid (_________ _____________ _________ ) found in canola oil. | one double bond |
| Elaidic acid, a trans fatty acid (one double bond) found in many _______ foods and can lead to heart disease. | snack |
| Trans fat taste good but is _______ fats. | bad |
| Stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid (no double bonds) found in _______. | butter. |
| Proteins have many functions: ____________ (spider webs, hair, skin, tendons) | support |
| Proteins _________________ (enzymes) | metabolism |
| Proteins ____________________ (substances to enter and exit cell) | Transport |
| Proteins _____________ (antibodies) | defense |
| Proteins ______________ (hormones- Example: insulin) | regulation |
| Proteins ______________ (acting and myosin allows muscles to move and contract. | motion |
| Proteins are composed of amino acid ___________________. | monomers. |
| ______ different amino acids | 20 |
| ______ must be gained thru diet (amino acids) | 9 |
| _____ we produce in our body. | 11 |
| The 9 amino acids are known as ______________. | essential |
| Made of ________________, _________________, ____________, _____________, (sulfhydryl group- SH). | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen |
| _________ based hormones are steroids and insoluble. | Lipid |
| ____________ are protein based and soluble. | Others |
| Steroids are ______________ based hormones. | Lipid |
| Amines and peptide are ________________ based hormones | proteins |
| A compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain are called __________________. | peptides |
| A peptide is ____ or ____________ amino acids covalently linked. | 2 more |
| A _________ _________-formed by dehydration reaction between two amino acid monomers. | peptide bond |
| _________________ is a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds. | Polypeptide |
| Amino acid sequence determines the final _________ dimensional shape of protein | 3 |
| Amino acid plus amino acid is a _________________ _____________ ____________. | dehydration synthesis reaction |
| Dipeptide minus peptide bond is a ______________ ____________ | hydrolysis reaction |
| ____________ _______________ for the shape of proteins is amino acids sequence of a chain, | Primary structure |
| __________________ __________________-portions of chain form helices or pleated sheets. | Secondary structure |
| _____________ ______________ overall three-dimensional shape (globular shape) of interacting secondary structures. | Tertiary structure |
| ______________________ _____________________ - more than one polypeptide chain interacting (hemoglobin, enzymes) | Quaternary structure |
| Chicken in water with no heat gets soggy. Add heat and it cooks. Amino acids are what is left in water after boiling is known as ____ | pleated sheets |
| ______________ ____________ are found in cells. | Nucleic acids |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid stores _______________ information | genetic |
| A _____ is a locus (or region) of DNA. | Gene |
| DNA which is made up of nucleotides and is the ____________ unit of heredity. | molecular |
| ________is a code for a sequence of amino acids | DNA |
| Ribonucleic acid is ____________, | RNA |
| RNA helps to make ____________. | proteins |
| RNA is a molecule that aids in _______________ and _______________ DNA into a protein. | transcribing translating |
| Composed of a phosphate, 5-carbon sugar (ribose) and nitrogen-containing base is _________________. | Nucleotide |
| DNA has _____________ sugar. | double |
| RNA has _____________ sugar. | single. |
| Carbohydrates macromolecules of life are: _____________, _____________, and ___________. | polysaccharides, disaccharides, and monosaccharides |
| Lipid macromolecules of life are: _________________, ________ _______, and ___________________. | triglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol. |
| Proteins macromolecules of life are: _______ and ________ _________. | peptides and amino acids |
| Nucleic acids macromolecules of life are: ___________, ___________, and _____________. | RNA, DNA, and Nucleotides |
| High energy compounds macromolecules of life are: _______, ___________, and _____________. | ATP, nucleotide, and phosphate groups. |
Created by:
jwatts1
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