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Unit 3 -Test 1
Infectious Disease and Epidemiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Matured protein molecules that cause brain damage in humans and animals. Can incubate for decades before S/S appear. No current cure. | Prions |
| Needs a host to replicate and survive. | Virus |
| Single cell organism that does not need a host (reproduces independently) | Bacteria |
| What does is mean when a bacteria is Gram positive? | Exotoxin producing - release toxin while alive and reproducing |
| Virus require a host cell (often bacteria to inject its "viron" particle into the host cell which triggers the host cells ______ or _____ to replicate a virus. | DNA or RNA |
| What are some example of diseases cause Gram positive bacteria? | botulism, cholera, diphtheria, tetanus |
| What are some Toxoid immunizations? | DPT shot ( diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus) |
| How do gram negative bacteria work | Endotoxin producing - does not release it toxin till the bacteria dies. |
| What can high levels of gram negative bacteria trigger? | inflammatory response leading to septic shock, DIC, ARDS |
| What two pathogenic micro- organisms reproduce independently like a bacteria but need a host cell for energy like a virus does? | Chlamydia and Rickettsia |
| Chlamydia is a _____ transmitted disease. | Sexually |
| Rickettsia is carried by what and cause what? | Carried by ticks and lice and causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Typhus. |
| Fungal pathogens are transmitted by _______. | Spores ( molds and yeast) |
| What are the cause of many opportunistic infections in an immunocompromised host? | Fungal Pathogens |
| Women taking antibiotics can develop a vaginal overgrowth of __________. | Candida Alcicans |
| People on chemotherapy are prone to getting oral ______ and other _____ or ______ infections. | Thrush, yeast, fungal |
| Parasitic animals that infect or colonize other animals, which transmit them to humans. In some cases, they directly infect the human host. | Protozoal pathogens |
| Protozoal parasites can be transmitted by? | food, water, feces or insects ( worms, ticks, fleas, lice) |
| What are the 4 stages of infection? | Incubation, Prodrome/ prodromal, Acute, Resolution or Convalescence |
| At what stage of infection would you have the most sever s/s? Maximum effect to the body, | Invasive Acute Phase |
| What is the stage when no s/s are present because the number of pathogens in the body have not reached a large enough number to cause symptoms? | Incubation |
| What stage shows the first onset signs and symptoms of an infection ( malaise, fever) | Prodrome or prodromal |
| What is malaise? | general filling of discomfort or illness. |
| What are the two part of the Acute phase? | invasive and decline |
| What stage is it when the body's defenses begin to overcome the pathogen and S/S | resolution or convalescence |
| Signs are _____ in regards to illness. They can be seen/ felt/heard/smelled | objective |
| Symptoms are ______. Means they cannot be seen/felt/heard/smelled or measured by objective instruments. | subjective |
| Temperature, weight, wound condition, pulse rate and breathing sounds are example of what? | Signs (objective) |
| Pain is always a _____ because the patient is the only one to experience it. | symptom (subjective) |
| What is the study of health in populations tho understand the cause and patterns of health and illness. to get the the root of a public health problem. | Epidemiology |
| What is the chain of infection sequence? | 1. agent leaves reservoir or host through portal of exit 2. conveyed by some mode of transmission 3. Enters through portal of entry to infect a susceptible host |
| Feces, urine, saliva, expired air, blood, semen, urogenital secretion are examples of? | Portal of exit |
| A _______ is any arthropod (insects or arachnids) that transmits a disease through feeding active. | Vector |
| Vectors general become infected by a disease while feeding on what? | infected vertebrates. |
| mosquitoes, fleas, lice, biting flies, bugs, mites ticks (all blood sucking) are example of what | Vectors |
| _______ is the habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiples. Carries of the disease. | Reservoir. |
| What are the 3 types of reservoirs. | Human, Animal, Environment |
| What are some diseases that are transmitted from person to person without intermediaries? | sexually transmitted diseases, measles, mumps, streptococca and many respiratory infections. |
| What are Fomites? | inanimate objects that pathogen live on (door knobs, bedding, drinking glasses, stair rails) |
| ________ in an incidence of ill health | Morbidity |
| ____________ in an incidence of death. | Mortality |
| What is the simultaneous presence of 2+ morbid conditions in the same patient that may complicate the patient hospital stay. The presence could make the primary condition harder to treat | Comorbidity |
| What are the three parts of the epidemiologic triangle? | host, agent, environment |
| Define host | The who = Person or population with the disease |
| Define agent | The what = the disease causing organism |
| Define environment | The Where - place in which the host and agent interact |
| What is the route by which an infectious agent can infect a susceptible animal. | The port on entry. |
| What are the three type of Transmission precautions | Airborne, Droplet, contact |
| What is the mnemonic for Airborne Precautions? What does it stand for. | "You're On-The-Air with MTV " M - Measles (Rubeola) (Its all about ME on MTV) Tb- tuberculosis (care provider wears N95 mask in Pt's room. Pt wears standard mask in public.) Varicella - Chicken pox ( also us contact precautions) |
| What is the minimum precaution for Airborne transmission? | Hepa/N95 mask *** negative pressure room with 6-12 exchanges/hour |
| What is the mnemonic for Droplet precautions? What does it stand for | "MR. PIMP drops off pro's" MENinggitis (most MEN are pimps) Rubella P - Pertussis (whooping cough) I - Influenza M- Mumps (lovely lady lumps) P - Pheumonia |
| Many droplet pathogen require droplet and _______ precautions. | contact |
| What are the precautions for droplet. | cohort mask - gown, gloves, eye protection as needed |
| What is the mnemonic for contact precautions? What does it stand for? | "MRS.WEE" M - Multidrug resistant organisms (MDRO) R - respiratory infection S - skin infection W - wound infection E - enteric infection - clostridium difficile E - eye infection - Conjunctivitis |
| What are the contact precautions? | gown, gloves, shoe/hair covers as needed |
| How do you get naturally acquired active immunity? | Naturally acquired active immunity come from infections: contact with the pathogen. |
| How do humans acquire natural passive immunity? | Antibodies pass from mother to fetus in the placenta or through breast feeding. |
| How do humans acquire artificial active immunity? | Vaccines: dead or attenuated pathogens |
| How do humans acquire passive artificial immunity? | injections of immune serum (gamma globulin) |
| Vaccines provide protection against viruses. They are either dead or ____. | attenuated |
| Vaccines trigger antibodies against viruses. What are some examples? | Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccines. |
| What is the protection against bacteria? | Toxoids |
| What are some examples that we would use toxoids for? | Tetanus, Pertussis, Diphtheria |
| What are the 4 types of hypersensitivities? | ACID Anaphylactic/ allergic: Type I Cytotoxic: Type II Immune complex disease: Type III Delayed hypersensitivity (cell mediated): Type IV |
| What are some example of type 1 hypersensitivity? | Asthma, bee stings in sensitized person, pollen exposure or food allergies. |
| This hypersensitivity occurs in minutes. Histamine driven. Reaction can be mild to life threatening. Can cause vasodialation that can lead to circulatory shock. | Type 1 Hypersensitivity or Anaphylactic/ Allergic |
| Antibody mediated response to an antigen on a cell surface. Antibodies attack the antigen and also kills the cell to which it is attached. What type of hypersensitivity is these. | Type II or Cytotoxic |
| What are two examples of Cytotoxic hypersensitivities? | Rh positive mother develops antibodies against her Rh-negative baby and wrong blood transfusion. |
| What hypersensitivity happens when an antibody binds to an antigen that makes a complex the body cannot absorb. The result is an inflammatory response. | Type III hypersensitivity or Immune complex disease - these complexes cause damage to organs and blood vessels |
| What are some autoimmune type III examples? | Rheumatoid Arthritis, lupus, glomerulonephritis |
| Kidney damage or vasculitis is cause by what type of hypersensitivity? | Type III or Immune complex disease |
| This type of hypersensitivity is cell mediated and happens when t cell lymphocytes attack some type of virus or microbe. Can also be triggered by contact with dermatitis (poison ivy). Takes 24 to 72 hours for symptoms to show. | Type IV or Delayed Hypersensitivity |
| Anaphylactic shock can occur during what hypersensitivity? | Type I or IV |
| Why is the reaction delayed in delayed hypersensitivity? | migration of macrophages and T cells to location of antigens |
| Body is unable to distinguish self from foreign. Cells of the immune system attack various part of the body.. There are no cures currently. | Autoimmune disease |
| __________Autoimmune Disease affect all or multiple body systems | Systemic |
| What are 3 of the most common systemic AI Diseases? | Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - most common - 1% of world population Type I Diabetes Lupus ( systemic lupus erythematosus - SLE) |
| List the most common Organ/ specific AI diseases and the System they effect. | Inflammatory Bowel Disease ( IBS) and Crohns Disease (GI System) Psoriasis (skin) Multiple Sclerosis: Myasthenia Gravis (nervous system) Graves' Disease: Hashimotos's Disease (thyroid) |
| What drugs in in -mab? | Monoclonal Antibodies (remember -mab = must avoid drugs) |
| What are some facts you should know about AI disease? | -Body makes antigens against self -runs in family (genetic predispositions) - Trigger by chemical/biological substances (virus, bacteria infections) - More common in women of childbearing age. (16 to 35) - All ages effected |
| What is often used to treat AI disease | Immunosuppression drugs (steroids and methotrexate) and monoclonal antibodies |
| What does HIV stand for. | Human immunodeficiency Virus |
| How is aids transmitted. | - sexual transmission (oral, anal, vaginal) - syringe sharing -baby to mother in ( in utero or during breast feeding) |
| What does exposure to the HIV virus lead to? | antibody formation (window period) - infectino is present and transmittable but not detectable by HIV screening test yet. |
| Refers to the ability to detect the HIV antibody in the blood and typically occurs in 1-3 months but can be delayed for up to 6 months. | Seroconversion |
| What s/s often accompany seroconversion and why. | Flu like s/s because B cells are starting to attack the virus. Note the disease can be latent for years. |
| If a person has Seroconcersion does that mean he or she has AIDS? | NO!!!! |
| What is the typical path for AIDS/HIV | 1) HIV infection ( primary -infection enters the body) 2) Seroconversion (Latency -1 to 6 months when body is making antibodies) 3) Aids Disease (Overt - HIV becomes AIDS - CD4 helper T -cells levels fall below 200 & opportunistic infections happen |
| What does AIDS stand for? | Acquired immune Deficiency Syndrome |
| What are the three things that are needed to diagnose AIDS? | 1. HIV test is positive 2. Opportunistic infection is present 3. CD4 cell count less than 200 |
| How do we test for HIV? | Elisa - 1st test identifies various antibodies (seroconversion) - if antibodies are present test in repeated. If 2nd test is positive a Western Blot (WB) test is preformed. If WB detects virus then HIV in confirmed. |
| What account for a majority of deaths in AIDS Pts? | opportunistic infections |
| What is a Kaposi Sarcoma? | A cancer that causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin in the lining of the mouth, nose and throat or other organs. AIDS Pts are more susceptible |
| If there are insufficient CD4 (Helper T Cells) what cannot function to kill HIV. | CD8 ( Killer Cells) |
| CD4 level of less than 200 means what? | The immune system is severely weakened and the body at greater risk of contraction an opportunistic infection. |
| This type of cell has glycoprotein on the surface. | CD8 or Killer Cells |
| CD8 ( killer cells) are instrumental in what? | Fighting cancer and viruses. They also produce antiviral substances that help fight off the foreign invader. |
| What is the treatment for AIDS/HIV | Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) or highly active ART (HAART). When taken in combination they can prevent the growth of the virus. Usually used in combination of 3 or more. Help prevent drug resistance. |
| pinpoint hemorrhages of small capillaries in the skin, conjunctiva of the eyes,or mucous | Petechiae |
| Can be a sign on anemia as a result of hypoxia. | Pale gums |
Created by:
sbertelsen
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