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Chapter 32 Animals
Modern Biology Holt
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Animals | Multicellular heterotrophic organism without cell walls |
| Vertebrates | Have a backbone |
| Invertebrates | Have NO backbone, 95% of species |
| Specialization | Evolutionary adaption of a cell for a particular function |
| Ingestion | Animal takes in food or organic material |
| Zygote | Diploid cell that results from fusion of gametes and miotic divisions |
| Differentiation | Cells become specialized and different from each other |
| Chordate | Animals with a firm, flexible rod of tissue on the dorsal part of body |
| Dorsal nerve chord | Hollow tube above the notochord |
| Pharyngeal Pouches | Small outpockets of the anterior digestive tract |
| Symmetry | Body arrangement in which parts lie inh opposite sides of an axis are identical |
| Radial Symmetry | Organized circle around an axis; Cnidarians |
| Dorsal | Back |
| Ventral | Abdomen |
| Anterior | Toward the head |
| Posterior | Toward the tail |
| Bilateral symmetry | Two similiar halves on either side of a central plane |
| Germ Layers | Tissue layers in the embryo; Every organ and tissue arise from a germ layer |
| Body Cavities | Fluid filled space that forms between the digestive tract and the outer wall of the body during development |
| Sponges | No organized body |
| Radial Symmetry | Organized circle around an axis; Cnidarians |
| Dorsal | Back |
| Ventral | Abdomen |
| Anterior | Toward the head |
| Posterior | Toward the tail |
| Bilateral symmetry | Two similiar halves on either side of a central plane |
| Germ Layers | Tissue layers in the embryo; Every organ and tissue arise from a germ layer |
| Body Cavities | Fluid filled space that forms between the digestive tract and the outer wall of the body during development |
| Sponges | No organized body shape, no true tissues |
| Segmentation | Body made of repeating similiar parts; earthworm |
| Exoskeleton | Rigid outer covering that protects soft tissues |
| Gills | Organs specialized for gas exchange in water |
| Open Circulatory System | Open loop; bloos goes into body cavilty |
| Closed Circulatory System | Closed loop; blood goes into vessels |
| Hermaphrodite | Produces both and female gametes |
| Larva | Immature form of an organism |
| Indirect development | Have a larval stage |
| Direct development | Born animals looks same as adult; no larva |
| Vertebrae | Backbone |
| Endoskeleton | Internal skeleton made of cartilage and bone |
| Integument | Outer covering of an animal |
| Lungs | Organs for gas exchange deep inside the animal's body |
| Kidneys | Filter wastes from the blood and regulates water levels in the body |
| Fertilization | Union of female and male games to form zygote |
| Gametes | Egg and sperm |
| Cleavage | Cell divisions immediately following fertilization |
| Blastula | Mass of dividing cells |
| Gastrulation | Transforms blastula into multilayered embryo called gastrula; change in shape of cells |
| Archenteron | Primitive gut; deep cavity |
| Ectoderm | Outer layer of gastrula |
| Endoderm | Inner germ layer |
| Mesoderm | Between inner and outer layers of gastrula |
| Acoelomates | Do not have a body cavity; flatworms |
| Coelom | Cavity completely lined by mesoderm |
| Protostomes | "First mouth" |
| Deuterostomes | "Second mouth" |
| Schizocoely | "Split body cavity" |
| Enterocoely | "gut body cavity" |
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